Abstract - Road Traffic Accident Is Very Serious Matter

Abstract - Road Traffic Accident is very serious matter of life. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that about 1.24 million people of the world die annually on the roads. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) estimated about 907,900, 1.3 million and 1.4 million deaths from road traffic injuries in 1990, 2010 and 2013, respectively. Uttar Pradesh in particular one of the state of India, experiences the highest rate of such accidents. Thus, methods to reduce accident severity are of great interest to traffic agencies and the public at large. In this paper, we applied data mining technologies to link recorded road characteristics to accident severity and developed a set of rules that could be used by the Indian†¦show more content†¦Extensive data pre-processing resulted in a clean the dataset containing 1, 31,698 accidents instances with missing values. The class label (‘PredictAcc’) had two nominal values: ‘Yes’ and Ã¢â‚¬Ë œNo’. During data exploration, different numbers of attributes were selected by different feature selection techniques which are provided in WEKA. Naà ¯ve Bayes classifier is selected in WEKA for classification and prediction that whether the accident may occur (Yes) or not (No) with 7 attributes, including 6 independent variables and one dependent variable (the class-label attribute ‘PredictAcc’), were fed to explorer of WEKA. After that Naà ¯ve Bayes classifier was used, and an accuracy of 87.2527 % was achieved. In the second experiment, the number of attributes were increased to 8, including 7 independent variables and one dependent variable, an accuracy of 88.0613 % was achieved. In the third experiment, the number of attributes were increased to 13, including 12 independent variables and one dependent variable and accuracy of 89.4554 % was achieved. Experimental results of Naà ¯ve Bayes classifier are discussed in this section using the data mining tool WEKA. Traffic Accident data contains accident severity which represents the severity of the accident. The six kinds of accident severity are Injury, Fatal, Physical disabled, Property loss, Normal and Death. The data source for this researchShow MoreRelatedThe Baltimore City Howard Street Tunnel Fire1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe Baltimore City Howard Street Tunnel Fire and ICS Paul H. Bilger Jr American Military University/ American Public University System Abstract The Howard Street Tunnel fire that occurred on 18 July, 2001 was a serious emergency incident that had the potential to become a catastrophic incident. On the day in question 10 cars out of a 60 car freight derailed causing a significant hazardous material spill, a subsequent fire, and a water main bursting due to the heat. 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Abstract Introduction Statement of the problem Significance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ About Solid Waste†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Types of Solid Waste†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Sources of Solid Waste†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 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The Birth of Pleasure by Carol Gilligan Free Essays

Carol Gilligan Birth of Pleasure can be considered a research in social science. She has hypothesised certain theories regarding men and women behaviour. One of her main hypothesis is that women are different from men in various ways; she argues that female have a higher level of morality that cements the relation among sexes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Birth of Pleasure by Carol Gilligan or any similar topic only for you Order Now At times she seems a feminist who is playing for female audience. She overcomes the limitation as the book flows. For example she starts the human life story from a child perspective that is â€Å"under father’s authority† (Pg 5). She mentions that in patriarchy society there are different ways of dealing with boys and girl. For example boys are forced to learn and be disciplined at a young age compared to female. Female are forced to learn from age 13 and above at puberty. The reason for such approach; she argues is the utility of women. In a patriarchal society, women become important when they become fertile; before fertility they have no existence. However the problem arises when a child becomes adult and he has to unlearn the older behaviour. Sometimes it is hard to undo the learned behaviour; deep inside sometimes adults feel guilty, if they do not follow the behaviour they have been taught in childhood. Gilligan does not argue in straight forward manner about the theme patriarchy in teenagers life, but the book overall covers the relationship between children and parents as pathologies. For example she mentions that boys have two choices; either becomes good boy or bad boy; either by following the parent’s instructions or negating them to create their own social identities. The problem with such approach is that boys cannot form their own identities with reference to their true self. For girls the process began at much later stage when they approach the puberty. She insists that girls are forced by mothers to follow their footsteps and behave according to the established norms of the society. This situation gives rise to conflict and breaking of the bond that exists between parents and children. She insists that love is based on democracy; while the patriarchy is based on hierarchy of men and women. The result of such hierarchy is patriarchy; where individuals find pain in love rather than pleasure due to the inherent conflict (in these relations). She suggests that it is possible to find pleasure with in the social norms, if couples overcome their limited roles and try to unlearn the behaviour childhood behaviour. Gilligan has taken ideas from various sources, but she is able to develop her own ideas by studying life of children and couples including her own experience of life spiced with various Western myths and legends; such as Psyche and Cupid. She successfully weaves different pieces together to form one narrative immersing reader in interesting stories with one common theme. The positive effect of this style is that reader finds new interpretations about the stories and myths he is familiar with. Gilligan sometimes seems to speak in a mystical language, when she declares that the yoke of Western love stories is made of tragedy because of the presence of patriarchy; where male justify their authority by trampling true feelings of women. Her idea of democracy of love seems un-restricted by social norms; such idea seems far from practical. All societies need to survive; the hierarchy allows a society to survive which may look cruel at time but this is how civilization are made from. Reference Gilligan, Carol (2002). The Birth of Pleasure. Random House. How to cite The Birth of Pleasure by Carol Gilligan, Papers

Case Study of Ventura Boats-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Ventura Boats. Answer: Introduction Ventura Boats, founded in the year 1961, is a family owned business involved in the manufacture of traditional hand-made boats. The turnover of the business had been faring well until the recent times. The major clients of the company belonged to the domestic market of Australia, which has been experiencing a shrinkage in the recent times (Ventura-boats.com 2018). The following report attempts an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, the opportunities and the threats that the company might be facing. The report proceeds to analyze the threats and the opportunities that have been identified in the SWOT analysis. The report proceeds towards the conclusion by providing some alternate strategies that might be adopted by the company in the future days to come on the basis of the analysis done with the help of the Ansoff Matrix. SWOT Analysis Strengths The staff of the company is known to be highly experienced and to be industry-respected. The products that are built by the company tend to maintain the high quality that is promised to the customers of the company. The company is one of the market leaders in the category of the products that it provides to its customers. The financial reserves of the company are built on the huge prosperity of the business in the yester years and are thus very strong. Weaknesses Very low experience in the overseas markets. The technology that is used by Ventura Boats seems to be outdated. The company has failed to provide the concerned clientele with the new models for the boats and other water vessels. The low morale and the significant amount of attrition in the employee strength of the company. The company has failed to provide its clientele with the new models of boats for a long period of time. Opportunities There are lesser restrictions on the use of the traditional boats in the foreign market which might ensure the legalized condition of the products of the boat-building business organization. The growing economies that have been existing all over the world have led to the increase in the number of the clients who display a huge passion for the luxury products that are offered by the company. Threats The increase in the number of services that might provide the customers with the substitutes of the products that are offered by Ventura Boats. The Australian Government might declare the products manufactured by Ventura Boats to be illegal due to the outdated technology that they seem to be using in the manufacture of the boats and other vessels. The other competitors in the market are reported to have been on the look out to take over the companies like Ventura Boats in order to buy out their market shares. Threats and Opportunities Analysis The SWOT analysis of an organization helps to reveal the strengths, the weaknesses, the opportunities and the threats that might be encountered by the organization during its functioning in the industry (Bull et al. 2016). The opportunities of the company might refer to the elements operating in the environment that might be exploited by the company in order to gain an advantageous position in the concerned market (Yuan 2013). In the given case study, it is observed that the concerned company has scope of the expanding in the various overseas markets. This might lead to the prospering of the business in those markets leading to the expansion of the company in the concerned market. The legal conditions of the overseas market might allow the company to sell their products to the clients who have been based in the other countries. The expansion of the company might also help to attract the various customers who have been willing to spend their money in the luxury product that the compan y offers towards their clients. The threats that are faced by the company generally refer to the various operational elements in the market that might cause harmful effects in the company (Ayub et al. 2013). In the given case, the major threats that are faced by the company pertain to those that exist due to the entry of the substitutes that offer the concerned clientele with better versions of the products that are offered by Ventura Boats. This might lead to the deterioration in the revenue generation of the company (Grant 2016). The company also faces a huge threat owing to the changes in the legal system of Australia. The changes that have been made in the legal system of Australia might lead to the condition wherein the products that are manufactured by the company would be rendered illegal. The company also faces a threat due to the various other big companies that have been on the look out to take over the various smaller companies that have been operating within the industry. These mergers might result in t he demolition of the company which would therefore be rendered non-existent in the industry. Ansoff Matrix Fig. 1: Ansoff Matrix Source: Created by the Author Thus, from the above figure, it may be clearly pointed out that the company might fare well if they tend to bring in variations in the products that they manufacture. The company must ensure that the vessels that they manufacture are best suited to the needs of the concerned clientele. Recommendations The management of the Ventura Boats must focus on the expansion of the market that they serve. The company must focus majorly on the manufacture of the water vessels that are customized to the needs of the concerned client (Stanford et al. 2014). The company must aim to incorporate the use of machinery in the manufacturing process of the various water vessels in order to boost the sales of the company (Hribernik, Wuest and Thoben 2013). The company must also aim to bring about a variation in the sizes of the vessels that they manufacture in order to bring about an increase in the number of clients that they serve (Gudem et al. 2013). Conclusion In lieu of the above discussion it might be safely concluded that the concerned company, Ventura Boats must have to concentrate further on the development of the product and aim at the diversifications of the products that the company manufactures. The company must recruit the staff who have knowledge in the needed technologies in order to fare better in the concerned industry References Ayub, A., Adeel, R., Muhammad, S.A. and Hanan, I., 2013. A conceptual framework on evaluating SWOT analysis as the mediator in strategic marketing planning through marketing intelligence.European Journal of Business and Social Sciences,2(1), pp.91-98. Bull, J.W., Jobstvogt, N., Bhnke-Henrichs, A., Mascarenhas, A., Sitas, N., Baulcomb, C., Lambini, C.K., Rawlins, M., Baral, H., Zhringer, J. and Carter-Silk, E., 2016. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats: A SWOT analysis of the ecosystem services framework.Ecosystem services,17, pp.99-111. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Gudem, M., Steinert, M., Welo, T. and Leifer, L., 2013. Redefining customer value in lean product development design projects.Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology,11(1), pp.71-89. Hribernik, K., Wuest, T. and Thoben, K.D., 2013, July. A product avatar for leisure boats owners: concept, development and findings. InIFIP International Conference on Product Lifecycle Management(pp. 560-569). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Stanford, R.J., Wiryawan, B., Bengen, D.G., Febriamansyah, R. and Haluan, J., 2014. Improving livelihoods in fishing communities of West Sumatra: More than just boats and machines.Marine Policy,45, pp.16-25. Ventura-boats.com 2018.About - Ventura. [online] Ventura. Available at: https://ventura-boats.com/about/ [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018]. Yuan, H., 2013. A SWOT analysis of successful construction waste management.Journal of Cleaner Production,39, pp.1-8.

Tourism Important Growth Industries Tourism Essay Essay Example

Tourism Important Growth Industries Tourism Essay Essay Tourism is one of the most of import growing industries in the universe. This industry is looked upon as the most promising one to the development states because of its numeral economic benefits. Tourism is an progressively widespread and complex activity, which requires sophisticated direction to recognize its full potency as a positive and sustainable, economic, environmental, societal and cultural force [ Lawton A ; Weaver 2006 P: 2 ] . The size and economic significance of travel and touristry have attracted the attending of many developed and developing states in actively advancing touristry as a manner to excite their economic systems, and in the procedure many have been successful in pulling big figure of international tourers [ WTTC 2003 ] . As an industry, touristry is a high precedence one in footings of employability, exchange net incomes and ecofriendliness. It is a concern of supplying and amusement for tourers. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Important Growth Industries Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Important Growth Industries Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Important Growth Industries Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tourism industry occupies an of import topographic point in the state s economic system. It is the fastest sector of an economic system these yearss and is expected to bring forth more income and employment in an economic system every bit good as earn necessary foreign exchange besides. Tourism can be loosely categorized into international touristry and interregional touristry. Both types hold better chances and contribute towards the economic development of a peculiar nation/ part. Tourism is the universe s largest export industry which, harmonizing to the World Tourism Organization ( WTO ) , generated about US $ 856 billion in 2007 by some 903 million tourers worldwide [ WTO 2008 ] . Tourism has been defined in assorted ways but may be thought of as the relationships and phenomena originating out of the journeys and impermanent corsets of people going chiefly for leisure and recreational intents. [ Pearce, 1981 ] Tourism is a extremely diversified phenomenon. The word Tourism became current early in the nineteenth century as a same what disdainful equivalent word for traveller, but it is now used in the societal scientific disciplines without coloring material, to depict any individual whose motions fulfill two conditions that first, absence from place is comparatively short and 2nd, that money spent during absence is money derived from place and non earned from the topographic points visited [ Narayana, Raghavalu, Ramu, 2007 ] . Tourism is one of the largest and fast turning industry that makes a major part to the economic systems of most developed and developing states. Tourism activities have been spread outing quickly over the past few decennaries worldwide and farther growing is expected in the hereafter. The tourer originated when big Numberss of in-between category people began to fall in blue travelers. India is a state of rich cultural heritage. Within India, after the mid 1990 s, one province that performed unusually good in touristry is Kerala. Many sites and topographic points in Kerala pull more tourers and aliens. However, these sites and topographic points of tourers have an impact to the economic system. This impact could perchance veto or positive, will explicate subsequently on thesis. Furthermore, touristry possesses some societal deduction to the development of the industry. Purpose of the survey Tourism is one of the most of import escalating industries in the universe. This industry shows possible to the development states because of its legion economic benefits. Generation of foreign exchange, creative activity of income, coevals of employment, part to province gross and its associated regional development can be cited as the major economic benefits of touristry. The betterments in the quality of life of the host population and protection and saving of the natural and reinforced resources including biodiversity are the other perceptible developments of touristry development. [ Kumar, Sudheer 2007 ] As one of the universe s largest industries, touristry has the capacity to better the material life of communities that have lost traditional industries as trade barriers have fallen. However, touristry can besides hold terrible negative impacts such as imbibing, gaming, harlotry etc which has been bring forthing offense rates on a community, outweighing any economic and cultural benefits. Historic territories tend to amplify these negative effects, as deeply rooted occupants in a restricted physical environment live with touristry on a day-to-day footing. The intent of this survey is to analyze how the finish selling would be successful in Kerala, India by advancing niche touristry merchandises in order to get the better of some of these negative impacts. Tourism is a major phenomenon of the modern society with important socio-economic effects. Harmonizing to the World Travel and Tourism Council ( WTTC ) , Tourism is the universe s most quickly turning industry and by the twelvemont h 2005, the part of touristry to the universe economic system was more than doubled from the basal degree of 1994. For developing states, the World Tourism Organisation [ WTO, 1998 ] has recognised the nascent of touristry sector for the intent of poorness relief by increased occupation creative activity. Consequently many developing states are bettering their touristry planning and development attacks [ Hall 2000 ; Elliot 1997 ] . One tendency projected is the increasing portion of international touristry into South East Asiatic part, and India as a taking finish in this part is surely balanced to work this leaning, which it missed in 1880ss and 1890ss [ WTO 1998 ] . Tourism can raise the profile of a finish, pulling the involvement of investors and visitants likewise. It is non merely the instance that many states turn to tourism out of despair, but because it affords their population a better criterion of life. There are a figure of benefits that may be derived from touristry provided that it is managed decently. These have, of class, been good documented in touristry literature and might include the creative activity of employment, the reception of foreign exchange, the enlargement of other economic sectors, and infrastructural developments. In environmental and socio-cultural footings, touristry development can supply a stimulation and support for preservation, and the saving of cultural heritage and traditions. Some of the more intangible benefits may include the reclamation of cultural pride, the resurgence of imposts and traditions, and chances for cross-cultural exchange and integrating. Again, these are more hard to mensurate, but can be perceptible within local communities. Harmonizing to the surveies by the Government of Kerala, after mid 1890ss one province that performed unusually good in touristry is Kerala. Throughout this period, the province achieved growing in touristry higher than the national norm, and has now emerged as a taking sector of the economic system, with its impact increasing in footings of economic growing and employment generated. The province authorities recognises touristry as one of the few options available to develop the economic system, particularly in the surroundings of limited chances of the fabrication sector, jobs in the agricultural and traditional sectors, and the uncertainnesss confronting the expatriate employment in the Gulf [ GOK, 2006a ] . The touristry industry in Kerala witnessed significant growing during 1890ss and beyond and is expected to turn further in the hereafter. This growing peculiarly occurred in the background of the opening up of the Indian economic system and the general planetary tendency of increasing touristry activity seen across the states in the Asiatic part. Nonetheless it is besides the conjunct attempts of the authorities and industry that made Kerala one of the best performing touristry provinces in India [ Edward, Koshy 2007 ] . This survey focuses on the recent developments and issues in Homestay Tourism in Kerala, how the Homestay, rural and CBT [ community based touristry ] are related and the overall satisfaction of Homestay touristry from an proprietor s position. Homestay touristry is the new section of the touristry industry because there is a tendency towards an increased specialisation among tourers and an increasing concern about the environment. [ Phonwiset, Yomsatharn, Chusakul 2008 cited on: nubkk.nu.ac ] . Homestay is one type of touristry that promotes interaction between visitants and host households. There are few aims besides defined to accomplish the chief purpose of the research. They are: To measure the recent developments of Tourism in India/ Kerala To analyze the major challenges in Kerala touristry To critically measure the economic, societal, cultural and environmental challenges and advantages of Homestay touristry from the proprietor s position and for the local community To explicate recommendations on the hereafter development of Homestay touristry. Why research in this subject? The research worker has chosen thisA topicA because of the involvement in making a survey related to an upcomingA and challengingA sector of touristry. Kerala is theA nativeA topographic point of the research worker. Some of the research worker s relations and friend are running place corsets and resorts in Kerala and that would assist toA collectA the relevant information s andA information s about the chosen subject. Significance of the survey Tourism is one of the mostA prestigiousA turning industries in the universe. Tourism has an educational significance. It has a good consequence which is brought about through contact between people of different races and nationalities. Tourism involves cultural alterations and consequences in cultural enrichment of those who travel every bit good as of those at the having terminal [ Ghosh ] . Another significance of touristry is the economic benefit. Because of its assorted economic benefits, this industry seems to be the most promising sector to the developing states. It is aA low-costA operation and anA additionalA income bring forthing activity that providesA employmentA to the organized every bit good as unorganised labour. Tourism encompasses so many activities that areA indispensableA but unseeable links. Honnappa and Ramakrishna [ 2006 ] defined touristry as the amount of operation chiefly economic in nature, which straight related to the entry, stay and motion of alien, inside and outside a state, metropolis or part. A The most commonA definitionA given by the World Tourism organisation [ WTO, 2001A -cited on ignou.ac.in ] is A tourer is a individual who travelA to a placeA other than his usual topographic point of abode andA stays at hotels, orA other adjustment or constitution run on a commercial footing for the continuance of non less than 24 hours and non more than 6 months at a clip for pleasance, pilgrims journey, survey, wellness, meetings and concerns. Tourism is a undertaking with exceptionally pronounced strong backward and forward linkages. The travellers spent money to bask a assortment of goods, services and experiences. Definition of Footings Homestay Tourism refers to one form of touristry with accent on ecotourism and community based touristry, in which tourers will remain over dark with the host in the small towns. The hosts have to back up visitants like a member of the household and affect them in all sorts of activities and shared experiences. These activities have the aim of larning about locals life manner and support of occupants in the community [ Phonwiset, Yomsatharn, Chusakul 2008 cited on: nubkk.nu.ac ] . II LITERATURE REVIEW There are a figure of industries that play a polar function in the development of states. Tourism being one such industry that has emerged as the largest planetary industry in the twentieth century and is projected to turn even faster during the current century. Tourism when taken in its true sense has following features ; Resource based industry and consumes resources Creates waste Specific substructure demands All the characters are linked to the societal cloth of the host community. It has societal, cultural and environmental impacts with a possibility of over ingestion. The conceptual construction of the undertaking aims to look into the jobs and advantages of place stay touristry in Kerala, from an proprietor s position. In this subdivision the research worker efforts to research the countries such as ; History of Indian touristry Background of Kerala Definition of touristry Sustainable touristry Community based touristry Homestay touristry Tourist satisfaction History of Indian Tourism India is a Centre of two ancient civilisations of the worldA called theA Indus vale civilisation, A andA theA AryanA civilization.A Tourism development in India started in the early 1960ss. By that clip most of the other states have achieved a singular advancement in thisA areaA and has exploited to maximum possible extent. The best manner to present India as a tourer finish to aliens is that India is a state of all seasons and all reasons.A India s touristry resources have ever been considered immense. The geographical characteristics are diverse, colourful and varied. As such the resource potency is so much that it can provide to all sorts and gustatory sensations of tourers. India has an ancient tradition of touristry. It existed as an industry in the informal sector in ancient times and was indulged in by all categories of people. Mark Twain competently remarked about India on India [ National Tourism Policy 2002 ] that India is one state that is endowed with an imperishable involvement for foreign prince and foreign provincial, for the knowing and the ignorant, the wise and the sap, the rich and the hapless, the bonded and the free one land that all work forces desire to see and one time seen, by even a glance, would non give theA glance for allA the shows of all the remainder of theA Earth combined. A The integrity of India lies in its diverseness people bound together by centuries of common traditions, religion and doctrine [ Pran Nath, Sushma 1993 ] . The Indian touristry industry has recorded a phenomenal growing particularly from 1990s in footings of both international and domestic tourers reachings [ Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006 ] . TheA ministryA of Indian touristry has launched a new programme called Athithi Devo Bhavah which meansA guestA is god. The inspiration behind this look is toA respectA because ; regard has ever been an indispensable portion of Indian psyche. Tourism, which is the 3rd largest foreign exchange earner in India, has started gainingA prominenceA to the publicA agendaA merely in recent old ages. Many states in the universe are trusting on touristry as one of the fastest turning sectors. In the Chief Ministers conference held on October 2001 [ National Tourism Policy 2002 ] the Prime Minister of India, Shri. Atal Bihari Vajpayee had stated that Tourism is a major phenomenon of economic growing in major parts of the world.A Many states have transformed their economic systems utilizing the touristry potenti al the fullestaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦tourism has theA potentialA to make different types of employment in assorted sectors from the most specialised to the unskilledA and what India needs is theA generationA ofA massiveA productiveA employment chances . Tourism in India has a strong relevancy to economic development and employment coevals. It creates immense employment chances, provides just distribution of wealth, helps to get the much needed foreign exchange, brings out a speedy development and betterment of infrastructural installations. Developing states have given a particular importance for the development of touristry, for it is the chief beginning of gaining foreign exchange, thereby the economic position of the state goes up [ Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006 ] .A noticeable alteration in theA holidayingA trendA wasA reportedA both the international and domestic tourers showed anA inclinationA towards adventure athleticss. India is easy but certainly rousing to its touristry potency. The result of many surveies hat has been done about touristry, states that India is a state with huge touristry resources and has suited for all sorts of touristries like eco-tourism, adventure touristry, religious touristry, athleticss touristry, cu ltural touristry and rural touristry. With little states like Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand areA allA readyA majorA tourist finishs ; India has toA struggleA toA promoteA itself to the universe touristsA [ Revathy 2008 ] . Tourism in Kerala Kerala, one of the smallest provinces lies in the southern seashore of India, is one of the leadingA proponentsA of touristry in assorted sectors.A Kerala has aA vastA and vibrantA sphere, where play unfolds in theA formA ofA spellA jumping heritage citesA station, A unA -spoilt beaches, picturesque hill, roaringA waterA falls, oldA templeA towns, alien wild life, A hustling metropoliss, surrounded with back Waterss, A variedA adventure athleticss and aA vibrantA manner of life.A Kerala is one of India s most advanced societies with about full literate people and first-class quality of life. [ Kumar, Sudheer 2007 ] . On its manner to going south, Kerala is one of the provinces that attract a big figure of tourers in South India.A In order toA tapA the tourer possible ofA so much history and such aA assortment of natural gifts, the Kerala authorities is taking a figure of stairss to better theA province s infrastructuresA likeA air, route and rail links. TheA stateA is germinating new schemes, making dynamic bluish prints and guaranting meticulousA executionA will do certain that theA stateA willA emergeA on top.A Developing universe category touristry merchandises needs heightening substructure, watercourse liningA disposal, strategicA allianceA and selling will guarantee that tourismA bringA sustainable growing and prosperity to Kerala besides known as Gods on Country [ Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006 ] .A Definition of Tourism Tourism has been defined as the activities of individuals going to and remaining in topographic points outside of their usual environment for non more than one back-to-back twelvemonth for leisure, concern and other intents [ WTO 1998 ] . There are different words and significances for touristry such as Domestic Tourism: that involves occupants of the given state going merely within the state. Inbound Tourism: involves occupants going in the given state. Outbound Tourism: means occupants going in another state. International Tourism: consists of inbound and outward touristry [ WTO 1998 ] . Definitions of Homestay Tourism It is comparable to bed and breakfasts, but even less formal. A place stay belongings is a non commercialized, private abode that accommodates paying guest ( s ) who enjoy remaining in the comfort and security of a household place. These invitees frequently reside in the household place for an drawn-out period of clip, normally months instead than yearss. It is a safe, low-cost agencies of lodging popular amongst international pupils, housemans, going professionals and grownup visitants from other states, who are looking to see and larn approximately local life style and civilization [ cited on: onecaribbean.org ] Homestay is one type of touristry that promotes interaction between host households and tourers [ cited on: mekongtourism.org ] Homestay touristry refers to one form of touristry with accent on ecotourism and community based touristry, in which tourers will remain over dark with the host in the small towns. The hosts have to back up visitants like a member of the household and affect them in all sorts of activities and shared experiences. These activities have the aim of larning about locals life manner and support of occupants in the community [ Phonwiset, Yomsatharn, Chusakul 2008 cited on: nubkk.nu.ac Sustainable Tourism There is no widely accepted definition of sustainable touristry. It could, of class, be suggested that sustainable touristry should merely be about using the Brundtland Report definition of sustainability to touristry. This could take to a definition such as: Forms of touristry which meet the demands of tourers, the touristry industry, and host communities today without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands . There is another definition of sustainable touristry emphasizes the environmental, societal and economic elements of the touristry system. This definition means touristry which is economically feasible, but does non destruct the resources on which the hereafter of touristry will depend, notably the physical environment and the societal cloth of the host community [ Swarbrooke 1999 ] . Sustainable touristry is the touristry development that protects of import ecological and biological qualities and the procedure consequences in increased economic chance for local occupants and involves them in decision- devising, and respects the unity of cultural norms and traditions. Sustainable touristry development is based on the aim that it meets the demands of present tourers and host parts while protecting and heightening chances for the hereafter. It is envisaged as taking to direction of all resources in such a manner that economic, societal and aesthetic demands can be fulfilled while keeping cultural unity, indispensable ecological procedures, biological diverseness and life support system [ Ashraf, Fazili 2004 ] . For the development of touristry, the section has decided to develop policies, schemes and programs for sustainable touristry. The touristry program or policy is a gaming that will decidedly hold victors or also-rans that make the populace sector touristry policy a political issue. Tourism has powerful vested involvements that will seek to act upon the political procedure such as conveyance operators and hotelkeepers. Such sort of groups may besides oppose steps to do touristry more sustainable. Rather than giving importance to the virtues of touristry position point, the authorities and local communities are taking the touristry determinations for political grounds [ Swarbrooke 1999 ] . The construct of sustainability clearly embraces the environment, people and economic systems. Therefore sustainable touristry is based on ; societal advancement reflecting the demands for everyone, effectual protection of environment, prudent usage of natural resources, care of high and stable degrees of economic growing and employment. Harmonizing to Swarbrooke 1999, there are figure of obstructions that will restrict the function of the populace sector in touristry, planning and development. They are ; Tourism is merely a low precedence for the populace sector and at that place seems to be a deficiency of political will to develop sustainable touristry. The construct of public sector planning and ordinance are out of manner Many public sector organic structures lack the fiscal resources required to play a major function in touristry planning and development. There is deficiency of staff expertness in touristry in most public sector organisations around the universe. The series of election affects the willingness of politicians to do the sort of long term determinations on which sustainable touristry depends. Public sector is merely a minor participant in the touristry industry with least control over touristry merchandises. Sustainable touristry is lead by motivations like spirit of question, love of beauty, hunt for cognition and regard for nature. It aims at quality touristry which creates least harm to the natural, societal and cultural environment. The sustainable touristry hinges upon the overall direction as a feasible method in sustainable tourer activities. The overall quality attack renders the direction of merchandises particularly of tourer countries, highly sensitive to the penchants and outlooks of consumers. The private and public profitableness of a tourer finish will depend on the client sanitation, since they will return more frequently and remain longer and will convey a positive image of their vacation experience to others. However, as these penchants and outlooks include the demand for good scenes and consumer satisfaction, the profitableness of a tourer topographic point, will name for the development of schemes for sustainable development [ Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006 ] Community Based Tourism Tourism can convey both benefits and jobs to an country. If good planned, developed and managed, touristry generates local occupations and income and provides chances for local enterprisers to set up touristry endeavors that lead to better the life criterions of occupants [ WTO 1998 ] . Community based touristry includes a scope of activities, services and comfortss provided by the rural people to pull tourer to their country in order to bring forth excess income. It is frequently considered ideal and inherently sustainable as it attracts manageable figure of visitants, does non necessitate much infrastructural development, does non devour excessively much of already scarce resources, does non necessitate high sum of skill base, and provides a beginning of income to locals besides continuing the local civilization and its traditions. One of the chief attractive forces of CBT is the extremely personal interactions between the host and the invitee where both parties can portion knowledge, thoughts and experience and as a effect addition the net incomes of local community with minimum investings. Events like, a dark out with the locals at their places, engagement in the lesser known small town spiritual or cultural events, an chance to take part in local activities like agribusiness, fishing or even populating with locals and sharing their nutrient, their lives and their business could supply the much needed bonus for community based touristry [ Mello 2008 ] . Tourism can convey both benefits and jobs to the local society and its cultural forms. Although more hard to mensurate than economic or environmental impacts, socio -cultural impacts are major considerations in developing touristry in any topographic point. These impacts can be particularly critical in states that still have strongly traditional economic systems and societies. Despite the fact that touristry can bring forth socio -cultural impacts, it is obvious that any sort of new development brings alterations. Tourism is one of the of import beginnings that can convey alterations in a society. A well planned, developed and managed touristry in a socially responsible mode can convey some sorts of socio -cultural benefits such as Improves the life criterions of people and helps pay for betterments to community installations and services, if the economic benefits of touristry are good distributed. Conserves the cultural heritage of an country which otherwise might be lost as a consequence of general development taking topographic point. Conservation of archaeological and historic sites was referred to under environmental impacts. In some topographic points touristry can be the drift for regenerating cultural forms which might be vanishing. Reinforces or even renews a sense of pride of occupants I their civilization, when they observe tourers appreciating it. Helps develop and keep museums, theaters and other cultural installations supported by touristry but the occupants can besides bask it. Tourism provides an chance for transverse civilization exchange between tourers and occupants who learn about, and come to esteem one another s civilization. This exchange can be best be achieved through certain signifiers of touristry educational and other types of particular involvement Tourss, village touristry and place visit programmes whereby tourer can set up to see local households. Methodology Introduction Research is a common phrasing that refers to a hunt for knowledge. More than a set of accomplishments, research is a manner of thought: examining critically the assorted facets of twenty-four hours -to-day professional work ; understanding and explicating steering rules that govern a peculiar process ; and developing and proving new theories for the sweetening of your pattern [ Kumar 2005:2 ] . Harmonizing to Kothari [ 1985:1 ] , research is an academic activity and as such the term should be used in a proficient usage. Redman and Mory [ 1923 ] define research as a systemized attempt to derive cognition [ cited by Kothari 1985 ] . In this chapter the research worker will specify the techniques that were used to accomplish the mark. Statement of methodological analysis Both primary and secondary informations have been used in this research work. Assorted beginnings of secondary informations used in this research. They are from books, newspapers, magazines, diaries, publications of the cardinal, province and local authoritiess, related web sites and studies of assorted links that related to the subject, studies prepared by research bookmans, universities, public records and statistics. Much attention has to be taken while roll uping the secondary informations. The dependability, suitableness and adequateness are some of the of import features of secondary informations. Harmonizing to Kothari [ 1985:138 ] , the dependability can be tested by happening out such things about the said informations: A ] who collected the information? B ] What were the beginnings of informations? C ] Were they collected by utilizing proper methods? D ] At what clip they were collected? E ] Was there any prejudice of the compiler? F ] What degree of truth was desired? G ] Was it achieved? Kumar [ 2005: 156 ] , has defined the significance of dependability as if a research tool is consistent and stable, and therefore, predictable and accurate, it is said to be dependable. The greater the grade of consistence and stableness in an instrument, the greater is its dependability. In the suitableness context, the research worker must be really carefully scrutinized the definition of assorted footings and units of aggregation used at the clip of roll uping the information from primary beginning originally. At the same clip, the object, range and nature of the original question must besides be studied. Adequacy of informations is the degree of truth achieved in informations found inadequate for the intent of the present question, they will be considered as unequal and should non be used by the research worker. The information will besides be considered unequal, if they are related to an country which may be either narrower or wider than the country of present question [ Kothari 1985 ] On the other manus, there would be a hazard factor in utilizing the already available informations as it should be used merely by the research worker finds them dependable, suited and equal. There are several methods that can be used to roll up primary informations. Since there is non that much academic research have taken topographic point in the current subject, the research worker has to research assorted facets of Homestay touristry, its benefits and issues from the proprietor s position point. In this model here, telephonic interviews utilizing structured questionnaires were used to garner the relevant information from the respondent ( Owner ) . The telephonic interviews are the method of roll uping information from respondents through telephone ( Kothari, 1985 ) . This method has non been widely used but plays a critical portion in industrial studies. From Kothari [ 1985 ] s position point the virtues of telephonic interviews are ; a ] more flexible in comparing to get offing method, B ] faster and a speedy manner of obtaining information, degree Celsius ] should be cheaper, 500 ] rate of response is higher, 500 ] no staff required. However, there are some demerits for this system. They are, a ] the clip cross given to respondents for considered reply is less, B ] interviews are restricted to respondents who have telephone installations, c ] possibility of the prejudice of the interviewer is comparatively more. On the other manus, questionnaires are one other manner to roll up information from the participants. Kumar [ 2005 ] , clearly points out the interview agenda and a questionnaire. The lone difference is that in the former it is the interviewer who ask the inquiries and records the respondent s answers on an interview agenda, and in the latter answers are recorded by the respondent s themselves. This differentiation is of import in accounting for the several strengths and failings of the two methods. The questionnaires are of two types, structured and unstructured. Structured questionnaires are those questionnaires in which there are definite, concrete and pre determined inquiries. The inquiries are presented with precisely the same diction and in the same order to all respondents. The signifier of the inquiries may be either closed i.e. , yes/no or unfastened i.e. ask foring free response, but should be stated in progress and non constructed during oppugning [ Kothari 1985:125 ] .

The eNotes Blog 10 Bookish Costume Ideas forHalloween

10 Bookish Costume Ideas forHalloween Halloween is just around the corner! If youre looking for a costume idea, weve collected our top 10 literature-inspired outfits here by level of difficulty, so you can look bookishly awesome no matter how much time you have on your hands. 1. Ishmael, from Moby Dick Youre just one name tag away from Call me Ishmael. 2. Fifty Shades of Grey Witty and racy. Head to your local hardware store for some free color sheets and youre done!   3. A semi-colon Just make sure you only stand between two independent clauses at the party. 4. Hester Prynne, from  The Scarlet Letter You could go all out for this one and dress in Puritan garb, but really the only requirement is the red A pinned to your chest. Besides, a modern-day Hester costume would probably earn you real feminist brownie points. 5. Matilda Wormwood Everybody loves Roald Dahls  Matilda, and dressing up like the young bookworm is easy: all youll need is a ribbon in your hair, a floral  dress or overalls, and some books. Extra points for tacking on the red wagon or the ability to move objects with your mind. 6. Your favorite book cover There are a few clever ways to do this one: you could  paint a cardboard box and wear it over your torso, dress up as the person on the cover of the book (like this great face paint job to recreate  Pride and Prejudice and Zombies), or have a friend paint the cover on the backs of your hands so you can hold them up like youre actually reading the book (which, be honest, youd much rather be doing anyway). 7. Carrie To become Stephen Kings iconic character you will need: 1 white dress, 1 bucket oblood, and Sissy Spaceks crazy eyes. 8. Zombie librarian Sure, you could be your classic librarian, but playing with fake blood is just so much more fun! 9. Darcy and Elizabeth If you have a guy wholl agree to dress as Mr. Darcy, youve already won. 10. Danaerys Targaryen / Khaleesi The further you can go with this costume the better! Extra points for bringing your own baby dragons or, for the shockers, an edible horse heart. mmmm. Last but not least the easiest literary costume ever: Godot Skip the party altogether and leave them wondering when youll show up. What do you plan to dress as this Halloween? Share your bookish costume ideas in a comment!

1419 Work Related Learning

The Every Child Matters (2003) green paper also identified five outcomes that are most important to children and young people: being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and achieving economic well-being. These five outcomes are universal ambitions for every child and young person, whatever their background or circumstances. Following wide consultation with children’s services, parents, children and young people, the Government published Every Child Matters: the Next Steps in November 2004, and passed the Children Act (2004), providing the basis for developing more effective and accessible services focused around the needs of children, young people and families. The recently formed DCSF (Department for Children, Schools and Families) echo’s the points made in ECM (2004) and seeks to ensure that all children and young people stay healthy and safe, secure an excellent education and the highest possible standards of achievement, enjoy their childhood, make a positive contribution to society and the economy, have lives full of opportunity, free from the effects of poverty. These outcomes are mutually reinforcing. For example, children and young people learn and thrive when they are healthy, safe and engaged. The DCSF also aim to raise educational standards so that more children and young people reach expected levels, lifting more children out of poverty and re-engaging disaffected young people. This is particularly applicable to my practice as the socio-economic circumstances of most of my students disadvantage them. Most of my students live in Camborne, Pool, Redruth and Hayle. These are widely recognized as deprived areas regarding economic opportunities, high number of single parent households, low employment prospects, and the majority of employment being minimum waged, relatively insecure, part time, seasonal or flexi time. (SDRC 2004). This relates back to ECM (2003) in that this seems to be applied in context of the geographic and demographic circumstances of children and young people. For example, a student from a poor single parent household in a deprived area with high crime rates who participates in underage smoking and drinking may be majority behaviour or the ‘norm’ in certain subcultures in Camborne, Redruth, Pool and Hayle but would attract more attention and concern in a more affluent area where this was not the ‘norm’. 2 We Could be Left Behind In every decade children are maturing physically earlier than before resulting in a constant shortening of childhood in a biological and social sense. This has a converse repercussive effect involving the constant lengthening of childhood in an educational sense. Cunningham 2006) This is reflected in the proposals in the DfE (Johnson 2007) report Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16 are highlighting the need to continue study for 14-19 year olds and by 2015 the school leaving age will be increased to 18 years of age. The reasons the government have given for such policies being implemented are illustrated by the secretary of education; Johnson (2007:3) when he said ‘ the undeniable truth is that if a young person continues their education post 16 they are more likely to achieve valuable qualifications, earn more and lead happier, healthier lives’. A seeming contradiction to Johnsons (2007) policy of staying in education longer and its benefits have been researched by Walker and Zhu (2003:145) who asserted that ‘there is no evidence that raising the minimum school leaving age made people who have not intended to leave at the minimum age raise their educational standard. This is consistent with the view that education raises productivity and not with the view that productive people get more educated’ Johnsons (2007) statement seems concerned with happiness, health and wealth. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR 1948) has wider reaching concerns. The UDHR (1948) states in Article 26 that ‘education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human right and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among nations, racial or religious groups for the maintenance of peace’. However, Johnson (2007:18) goes on to explain ‘we have a duty to prepare all young people for the labour market’ as ‘the world economy is developing at an ever more rapid pace. If we do not act now we could be left behind’. So its seems that it is not just for the benefit of our children’s wellbeing that Johnson encourages the parents of the youth of today to continue in education and so ‘achieving valuable qualifications, earn more and lead happier healthier lives’ (Johnson 2007:3) but more to do with deeper issues of ‘the world economy’s development and the UKs position of power within it’. In the same report Johnson (2007) quotes research carried out by the National Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER) that reinforces the idea that when individuals achieve higher levels of skill and qualification, businesses and the economy benefit. This is compelling evidence that increasing the educative stock of human capital raises productivity at the macro economic level. In relation to literacy for example, a study by Coulombe Trembley and Marchard (2004) found that if a countries literacy score increases by 1% relative to the inter national average a 2. % relative rise in labour productivity and a 1. 5% rise in GDP per year can be expected. 3 Surf’s up This emphasis on cultural superficiality, fragmentary sensations and disposability offers wide implications and questions; not least ‘what is postmodernism? Postmodernism itself is a much disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early 1980s. In its simplest sense it refers generally to the phase of 20th century Western culture including the products of the age of mass television since the mid 1950s. More often, though, it is applied to a cultural condition prevailing in the advanced capitalist societies since the 1960s, characterized by a ‘superabundance of disconnected images and styles most noticeably in television, advertising, commercial design, and pop video’ (Baudrillard 1998:72) In my practice I notice that these media have a profound impact on defining student’s social standing and identity within their peer group. In my role as a lecturer I observe that the students are encouraged through media and peer pressure to consume. Children’s identities centre prolifically on brand names and icons (mobile phones and hoodies) which help to fulfil their aspirations to obtain products which make statements about who they are. The latest fashions all contribute to the identity of the youth of today where a distinct subculture and language exist involving Xboxes, ipods, beebo, Bluetooth, myspace, chavs, hoodies, emos, skaters and goths. I ensure that I participate and involve such subcultural language within my practice when explaining tasks, demonstrating skills or providing metaphorical illustrations. Whatever postmodernism is and however the term evades definition, what the intellectual highbrows have been lecturing on postmodernism are soon to become extinct by their own doing. The postmodernist wave of consumer students have climbed the ladder and are nipping at the heels of the old school who created them like Doctor Frankenstein who is dispatched by his creation. This wave of postmodernist students could also be seen as in a vast ocean of modernity where far from the shore one can see the formation of a wave. As the wave builds in popularity it slowly approaches the shore, the crest breaks; postmodernity is born. As we stand and watch, it slips beneath itself, down into the ocean, and there in time it becomes ‘the modern’, dissolved and replaced by yet another breaking new wave. Paradoxically the new wave will emerge in a significantly disposable, shifting, fragmentary postmodern society with expectations of structured, quantifiable, standardised educative processes. One of the latest waves to begin its postmodernist journey towards the shore before slipping back into modernism and the norm is the Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF) announcement in January 2008 by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) who have â€Å"allowed commercial companies the ability to award nationally accredited qualifications to employees, for the first time Network Rail, Flybe and McDonald’s all achieve the standards set by QCA for awarding accredited qualifications, enabling them to assess, track and recognise work-place learning† (QCA 2008) McQualifications This links to Ritzers (2000) notion of the McDonaldisation of education, where education is based on the premise of efficiency, calculability, and predictability and is partially governed by non-human technology. This perspective is rooted in both Fordian principles of mass production, mechanisation and assembly lines (Ling 1991) and Weberian (1968) principles regarding the growth of formal rational systems with its emphasis on the rules and regulations of large social structures. Ritzer (2000:2) applies this process of McDonaldisation not only to ‘restaurants but also to work, health care, travel, leisure, dieting, politics, the family, and virtually every aspect of society’; including, of course, education. This could be illustrated with the OFSTED standardisation of observations and grading, league tables, units of competence, knowledge requirements etcetera. For example, Young (1961) asserts that in a meritocracy, all citizens have the opportunity to be recognized and advanced in proportion to their abilities and accomplishments. The ideal of meritocracy has become controversial because of its association with the use of tests of intellectual ability, such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test, to regulate admissions to elite colleges and universities. It could be argued that an individual’s performance on these tests reflects their social class and family environment more than ability. Maybe this is what Chomsky (1989) would label a necessary illusion. One that allows the system to keep on running with the support of its members even if massive disparities and inequalities exist. Supporting a system that does not support you as an individual is a typical hegemonic regime of truth; a discourse that the society accepts and makes function as true (Foucault 1980:131). Excellence in Schools (DFEE 1997) and Meeting the Challenge (DFEE1998) were ntroduced as the Governments educational policies and marked the change from centralised control to educational intervention where direct involvement and partnerships with parents, schools, Local Authorities and businesses recognised them as stakeholders in an attempt to improve standards in schools and to find ‘radical and innovative solutions’ (Blair 1998:1 cited in Meeting the Challenge 1998) to problems of underachievement. Reference List Baudrillard, J. (1998) The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. London. S age. Children Act (2004). London. HMSO. Chomsky, N. (1989) Necessary Illusions. London. Pluto Press Climbie Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Lord Laming (2003). London. HMSO. Coulombe,S. Trembley, F. and Marchard, S. (2004) Literacy scores, human capital and growth, across 14 OECD countries. OECD. Canada. Cook – Sather, A (2002) ‘Authorising Students perspectives: towards trust, dialogue and change in education’. Educational Researcher, 31, 4, p3 -14. Cunningham, H. (2006) The Invention of Childhood. London. BBC Worldwide Ltd. DCSF (2007). Department for Children, Schools and Families. Accessed online at dfes. gov. uk. DFEE (1997) Excellence in Schools. London. HMSO. DFEE (1998) Meeting the Challenge. London. HMSO. DWP (2006) Equality and Diversity: Age Discrimination in Employment and Vocational Training. London. HMSO. ECM (2004). London. HMSO. Every Child Matters (2004) Change for Children in Schools. Nottingham. DfES. HMSO ECM (2005) Change for Children: common core of skills and knowledge for the childrens workforce. DfES. ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) ‘Consulting Pupils about Teaching and Learning’. Foucault, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews Other Writings 1972- 1977. Gordon, C. (ed) New York. Pantheon Books. Illich, I. 1973) Deschooling Society. Great Britain. Penguin. Johnson, A. (2007) Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16. DfE Kolb, D. (1984) Experiential learning as the science of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice Hall. Laidlaw, M (1994) The democraticising potential of dialogical focus in an action inquiry. Educational Action Research, 2, 2, p223 â⠂¬â€œ 241 Ling, P (1991) America and the Automobile: Technology, Reform and Social Change, 1893-1923. Technology and Culture, Vol. 32, No. 3 p 627-628 National Institute for Social and Economic Research (2002). Britains relative productivity performance – updates to 1999. NISER Oplatka, I (2004) ‘The characteristics of the school organisation and the constraints on market ideology in education: an institutional view’. Journal of Educational Policy 19, 2, p143 – 161. QCA (2008) News release: Employers gain official awarding body status on line at http://www. qca. org. uk on 29/01/2008 Ritzer,G. (2000) The McDonaldization of Society. London. Pine Forge Press. Rudduck, J and Flutter, J (2000) ‘Pupil participation and pupil perspective: carving a new order of experience. Cambridge Journal of Education, 30, 1, p75 – 89. Schon, D. A. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action. London: Temple Smith Social Disadvantage Research Centre (2004) The English Indices of Deprivation 2004 HMSO Tomlinson, M. (2003) Tomlinson Report, The. Accessed online at qca. org. uk on 4. 12. 07. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) General Assembly of the United Nations. Usher, R. Bryant, I and Johnston, R (1998). Adult Education and the Postmodern Challenge. London. Routledge. Walker, I. and Zhu, Y. (2003) Education, earnings and productivity: recent UK evidence. Labour Market Trends. Accessed online at www. statistics. gov. uk-article labour. Market-trends-education mar03pdf on 25. 6. 07 Weber, M. (1968) Economy and Society. Totowa. Bedminster. Whitehead, J and Clough, N. (2004) ‘Pupils, the forgotten partners in education action zones’. Journal of Educational Policy 19, 2, p216 – 226 Young, M. (1961) The Rise of the Meritocracy: An Essay on Education and Equality. Great Britain. Penguin. Bibliography Donovan, G. (2005). Teaching 14-19. Great Britain. David Fulton. Vizard, D. (2004). Behaviour Solutions: teaching 14-16 year olds in colleges of further education. Great Britain. Incentive Plus. 1419 Work Related Learning The Every Child Matters (2003) green paper also identified five outcomes that are most important to children and young people: being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and achieving economic well-being. These five outcomes are universal ambitions for every child and young person, whatever their background or circumstances. Following wide consultation with children’s services, parents, children and young people, the Government published Every Child Matters: the Next Steps in November 2004, and passed the Children Act (2004), providing the basis for developing more effective and accessible services focused around the needs of children, young people and families. The recently formed DCSF (Department for Children, Schools and Families) echo’s the points made in ECM (2004) and seeks to ensure that all children and young people stay healthy and safe, secure an excellent education and the highest possible standards of achievement, enjoy their childhood, make a positive contribution to society and the economy, have lives full of opportunity, free from the effects of poverty. These outcomes are mutually reinforcing. For example, children and young people learn and thrive when they are healthy, safe and engaged. The DCSF also aim to raise educational standards so that more children and young people reach expected levels, lifting more children out of poverty and re-engaging disaffected young people. This is particularly applicable to my practice as the socio-economic circumstances of most of my students disadvantage them. Most of my students live in Camborne, Pool, Redruth and Hayle. These are widely recognized as deprived areas regarding economic opportunities, high number of single parent households, low employment prospects, and the majority of employment being minimum waged, relatively insecure, part time, seasonal or flexi time. (SDRC 2004). This relates back to ECM (2003) in that this seems to be applied in context of the geographic and demographic circumstances of children and young people. For example, a student from a poor single parent household in a deprived area with high crime rates who participates in underage smoking and drinking may be majority behaviour or the ‘norm’ in certain subcultures in Camborne, Redruth, Pool and Hayle but would attract more attention and concern in a more affluent area where this was not the ‘norm’. 2 We Could be Left Behind In every decade children are maturing physically earlier than before resulting in a constant shortening of childhood in a biological and social sense. This has a converse repercussive effect involving the constant lengthening of childhood in an educational sense. Cunningham 2006) This is reflected in the proposals in the DfE (Johnson 2007) report Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16 are highlighting the need to continue study for 14-19 year olds and by 2015 the school leaving age will be increased to 18 years of age. The reasons the government have given for such policies being implemented are illustrated by the secretary of education; Johnson (2007:3) when he said ‘ the undeniable truth is that if a young person continues their education post 16 they are more likely to achieve valuable qualifications, earn more and lead happier, healthier lives’. A seeming contradiction to Johnsons (2007) policy of staying in education longer and its benefits have been researched by Walker and Zhu (2003:145) who asserted that ‘there is no evidence that raising the minimum school leaving age made people who have not intended to leave at the minimum age raise their educational standard. This is consistent with the view that education raises productivity and not with the view that productive people get more educated’ Johnsons (2007) statement seems concerned with happiness, health and wealth. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR 1948) has wider reaching concerns. The UDHR (1948) states in Article 26 that ‘education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human right and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among nations, racial or religious groups for the maintenance of peace’. However, Johnson (2007:18) goes on to explain ‘we have a duty to prepare all young people for the labour market’ as ‘the world economy is developing at an ever more rapid pace. If we do not act now we could be left behind’. So its seems that it is not just for the benefit of our children’s wellbeing that Johnson encourages the parents of the youth of today to continue in education and so ‘achieving valuable qualifications, earn more and lead happier healthier lives’ (Johnson 2007:3) but more to do with deeper issues of ‘the world economy’s development and the UKs position of power within it’. In the same report Johnson (2007) quotes research carried out by the National Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER) that reinforces the idea that when individuals achieve higher levels of skill and qualification, businesses and the economy benefit. This is compelling evidence that increasing the educative stock of human capital raises productivity at the macro economic level. In relation to literacy for example, a study by Coulombe Trembley and Marchard (2004) found that if a countries literacy score increases by 1% relative to the inter national average a 2. % relative rise in labour productivity and a 1. 5% rise in GDP per year can be expected. 3 Surf’s up This emphasis on cultural superficiality, fragmentary sensations and disposability offers wide implications and questions; not least ‘what is postmodernism? Postmodernism itself is a much disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early 1980s. In its simplest sense it refers generally to the phase of 20th century Western culture including the products of the age of mass television since the mid 1950s. More often, though, it is applied to a cultural condition prevailing in the advanced capitalist societies since the 1960s, characterized by a ‘superabundance of disconnected images and styles most noticeably in television, advertising, commercial design, and pop video’ (Baudrillard 1998:72) In my practice I notice that these media have a profound impact on defining student’s social standing and identity within their peer group. In my role as a lecturer I observe that the students are encouraged through media and peer pressure to consume. Children’s identities centre prolifically on brand names and icons (mobile phones and hoodies) which help to fulfil their aspirations to obtain products which make statements about who they are. The latest fashions all contribute to the identity of the youth of today where a distinct subculture and language exist involving Xboxes, ipods, beebo, Bluetooth, myspace, chavs, hoodies, emos, skaters and goths. I ensure that I participate and involve such subcultural language within my practice when explaining tasks, demonstrating skills or providing metaphorical illustrations. Whatever postmodernism is and however the term evades definition, what the intellectual highbrows have been lecturing on postmodernism are soon to become extinct by their own doing. The postmodernist wave of consumer students have climbed the ladder and are nipping at the heels of the old school who created them like Doctor Frankenstein who is dispatched by his creation. This wave of postmodernist students could also be seen as in a vast ocean of modernity where far from the shore one can see the formation of a wave. As the wave builds in popularity it slowly approaches the shore, the crest breaks; postmodernity is born. As we stand and watch, it slips beneath itself, down into the ocean, and there in time it becomes ‘the modern’, dissolved and replaced by yet another breaking new wave. Paradoxically the new wave will emerge in a significantly disposable, shifting, fragmentary postmodern society with expectations of structured, quantifiable, standardised educative processes. One of the latest waves to begin its postmodernist journey towards the shore before slipping back into modernism and the norm is the Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF) announcement in January 2008 by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) who have â€Å"allowed commercial companies the ability to award nationally accredited qualifications to employees, for the first time Network Rail, Flybe and McDonald’s all achieve the standards set by QCA for awarding accredited qualifications, enabling them to assess, track and recognise work-place learning† (QCA 2008) McQualifications This links to Ritzers (2000) notion of the McDonaldisation of education, where education is based on the premise of efficiency, calculability, and predictability and is partially governed by non-human technology. This perspective is rooted in both Fordian principles of mass production, mechanisation and assembly lines (Ling 1991) and Weberian (1968) principles regarding the growth of formal rational systems with its emphasis on the rules and regulations of large social structures. Ritzer (2000:2) applies this process of McDonaldisation not only to ‘restaurants but also to work, health care, travel, leisure, dieting, politics, the family, and virtually every aspect of society’; including, of course, education. This could be illustrated with the OFSTED standardisation of observations and grading, league tables, units of competence, knowledge requirements etcetera. For example, Young (1961) asserts that in a meritocracy, all citizens have the opportunity to be recognized and advanced in proportion to their abilities and accomplishments. The ideal of meritocracy has become controversial because of its association with the use of tests of intellectual ability, such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test, to regulate admissions to elite colleges and universities. It could be argued that an individual’s performance on these tests reflects their social class and family environment more than ability. Maybe this is what Chomsky (1989) would label a necessary illusion. One that allows the system to keep on running with the support of its members even if massive disparities and inequalities exist. Supporting a system that does not support you as an individual is a typical hegemonic regime of truth; a discourse that the society accepts and makes function as true (Foucault 1980:131). Excellence in Schools (DFEE 1997) and Meeting the Challenge (DFEE1998) were ntroduced as the Governments educational policies and marked the change from centralised control to educational intervention where direct involvement and partnerships with parents, schools, Local Authorities and businesses recognised them as stakeholders in an attempt to improve standards in schools and to find ‘radical and innovative solutions’ (Blair 1998:1 cited in Meeting the Challenge 1998) to problems of underachievement. Reference List Baudrillard, J. (1998) The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. London. S age. Children Act (2004). London. HMSO. Chomsky, N. (1989) Necessary Illusions. London. Pluto Press Climbie Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Lord Laming (2003). London. HMSO. Coulombe,S. Trembley, F. and Marchard, S. (2004) Literacy scores, human capital and growth, across 14 OECD countries. OECD. Canada. Cook – Sather, A (2002) ‘Authorising Students perspectives: towards trust, dialogue and change in education’. Educational Researcher, 31, 4, p3 -14. Cunningham, H. (2006) The Invention of Childhood. London. BBC Worldwide Ltd. DCSF (2007). Department for Children, Schools and Families. Accessed online at dfes. gov. uk. DFEE (1997) Excellence in Schools. London. HMSO. DFEE (1998) Meeting the Challenge. London. HMSO. DWP (2006) Equality and Diversity: Age Discrimination in Employment and Vocational Training. London. HMSO. ECM (2004). London. HMSO. Every Child Matters (2004) Change for Children in Schools. Nottingham. DfES. HMSO ECM (2005) Change for Children: common core of skills and knowledge for the childrens workforce. DfES. ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) ‘Consulting Pupils about Teaching and Learning’. Foucault, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews Other Writings 1972- 1977. Gordon, C. (ed) New York. Pantheon Books. Illich, I. 1973) Deschooling Society. Great Britain. Penguin. Johnson, A. (2007) Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16. DfE Kolb, D. (1984) Experiential learning as the science of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice Hall. Laidlaw, M (1994) The democraticising potential of dialogical focus in an action inquiry. Educational Action Research, 2, 2, p223 â⠂¬â€œ 241 Ling, P (1991) America and the Automobile: Technology, Reform and Social Change, 1893-1923. Technology and Culture, Vol. 32, No. 3 p 627-628 National Institute for Social and Economic Research (2002). Britains relative productivity performance – updates to 1999. NISER Oplatka, I (2004) ‘The characteristics of the school organisation and the constraints on market ideology in education: an institutional view’. Journal of Educational Policy 19, 2, p143 – 161. QCA (2008) News release: Employers gain official awarding body status on line at http://www. qca. org. uk on 29/01/2008 Ritzer,G. (2000) The McDonaldization of Society. London. Pine Forge Press. Rudduck, J and Flutter, J (2000) ‘Pupil participation and pupil perspective: carving a new order of experience. Cambridge Journal of Education, 30, 1, p75 – 89. Schon, D. A. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action. London: Temple Smith Social Disadvantage Research Centre (2004) The English Indices of Deprivation 2004 HMSO Tomlinson, M. (2003) Tomlinson Report, The. Accessed online at qca. org. uk on 4. 12. 07. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) General Assembly of the United Nations. Usher, R. Bryant, I and Johnston, R (1998). Adult Education and the Postmodern Challenge. London. Routledge. Walker, I. and Zhu, Y. (2003) Education, earnings and productivity: recent UK evidence. Labour Market Trends. Accessed online at www. statistics. gov. uk-article labour. Market-trends-education mar03pdf on 25. 6. 07 Weber, M. (1968) Economy and Society. Totowa. Bedminster. Whitehead, J and Clough, N. (2004) ‘Pupils, the forgotten partners in education action zones’. Journal of Educational Policy 19, 2, p216 – 226 Young, M. (1961) The Rise of the Meritocracy: An Essay on Education and Equality. Great Britain. Penguin. Bibliography Donovan, G. (2005). Teaching 14-19. Great Britain. David Fulton. Vizard, D. (2004). Behaviour Solutions: teaching 14-16 year olds in colleges of further education. Great Britain. Incentive Plus.

Managing through information (finance exam) Essay

Managing through information (finance exam) - Essay Example However, the major point of concern is the Gearing Ratio, which has dramatically increased from 0% to 36.1446% in a year due to the long-term loan, this increases the risk of investment, and in addition the Dividend Payout Ratio has also decreased from 40% to 21.28%, which is a bad signal for the shareholders. In 2008 no interest had to be paid, but in 2009 interest also needs to be paid from the reserves, thereby reducing reinvestment into the company. Johnsons Ltd. should focus upon clearing the debt as early as possible, and clarify to the investors that it is for the betterment of the company. Furthermore, it should try to reduce the gearing ratio by increasing ordinary shares, either through new issuance or issue of bonus shares. Financial ratios aid in analyzing, controlling and improving the performance of a company, it also helps in attaining loans from banks, it can provide sufficient information to analyze the liquidity and performance of the firm, and points out the areas requiring improvement. However, ratios have certain limitations as well, for larger companies it is difficult to make comparative analysis as it becomes extremely complicated, firms set their targets at average instead of following market leaders, hampering the efficiency of the company. The major drawback of ratio analysis is that it does not account for inflation and therefore can mislead the managers. Apart from inflation, seasonal variations can create distortions in the results as well, furthermore many valuations used in the ratios such as depreciations, inventory, bad debts etc are approximates and can thus affect the end result. The user of these ratios must know how to differentiate between wrong results and should be capable of adjusting to various situations (Besley and Brigham, 2008, 68). It is obvious from the calculations that none of the three proposals is good, since they give fewer profits than the current system, Proposal A

How does Learning and Employee Development contribute to Essay - 1

How does Learning and Employee Development contribute to organisational success and performance within social care services - Essay Example Furthermore, the dissertation has made use of questionnaires and interview techniques to collect data from line managers at a voluntary sector social service provider, namely ‘Loretto Care’. The main findings of the research are: The managers at Loretto Care are of the view that investment in learning, development and on the job training can be directly beneficial and can lead to success at personal (employee level) as well as at the organisational level; and the main barriers to learning and the effectiveness of training as identified by the managers at Loretto Care include workload, time pressures and lack of internal motivation. The respondents have pointed out a need to encourage registration with and alignment of training programmes and employees with the SSSC requirements to ensure standardisation and monitoring the effectiveness of these programmes. The main conclusion is therefore that development and learning programmes for employees can effectively enhance orga nisational performance if there is robust planning to meet the needs and requirements of the organisation and are culturally embedded via appropriately qualified line managers in undertaking their role. Keywords: Training and development, SSSC Registration, Role of line management CONTENTS Abstract Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Introduction Purpose and rationale of the study Scope of the Study Aims of the Research Significance of Study Format of the Dissertation Conclusion of the Chapter Page 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 Literature Review Outline of the Chapter Specific research in the Social Care Sector Conclusion of the Chapter 10 10 11 19 Chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Methodology Introduction to research design Research Design Research Methodology Sample, time and Site for study Research instrument Research Pilot Questionnaire Ethical and Validity issues Scope and Limitations of the Design Conclusion of the chapter 21 22 23 23 25 26 27 28 30 31 Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Results and Findings Findings Theoretical Framework Legislative Context Discussion Conclusion of the chapter 32 32 44 55 62 85 Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 Conclusion Recommendations Final Conclusion 86 92 93 References Appendices Appendix 1 Ethical Approval Appendix 2 SSSC Codes of Practice Appendix 3 Interviewee information and consent Appendix 4 Questionnaire results and data List of Tables, Graphs and Diagrams Figure Description Page 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 Summary of job roles of the Participants Qualification of post holders Qualifications of the staff Summary of responses of the L&D strategy Effectiveness of the learning and development strategy Overall job satisfaction relating to L&D Learning and development activities undertaken by managers Learning and development opportunities for team members Impact of regulation with SSSC Experiential Learning Model – Kolb and Fry Developments on Exper iential Learning – Jarvis Learning at Work and Human Resource Development - Slotte Skills demonstration by employees not qualified as per SSSC Skills demonstration by employees qualified as per SSSC Training needs analysis collation methods Factors in the positive contribution of L&D Promotion of L&D Perceived barriers to providing L&D opportunities Learning and

Tylenol In Capsule Form Essay Example for Free

Tylenol In Capsule Form Essay The capsule is the most popular form of taking medicines as these are easy to swallow. Capsules have a symbolic significance as well as these represent strength. Thus patients perceive a dual advantage of convenience and a psychological boost of taking a potent medicine.   The tamper resistant packing was introduced by Johnson and Johnson in November 1982 within a few months of the initial crisis. This followed standards laid down in regulations by the Food and Drug Administration. The packing was considered very sturdy and difficult to be tampered with. These had glued flaps on the outer box which had to be forcibly opened and a tight plastic seal surrounded the cap inside with an inner foil which wrapped the mouth of the bottle. It also had a label which warned customers not to use if safety seal was broken. Thus at that time perhaps Johnson and Johnson was justified in introducing the capsules in tamper proof packing. This made sound business sense as it implied that only the packing had to be manufactured, while the capsule could be continued in its original form.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However this decision of the company proved to be short sighted as in 1986, a second incident of tampering of the same drug occurred. While this was immediately controlled, it was evident that capsule was not the safest form for a mass consumed drug as Tylenol as the seals could be apparently opened and refixed after the capsule was tampered with. Finally the company discontinued the sale of the drug in capsule form and the caplet form was introduced.[1] Thus it is felt that in the long run the decision of Johnson and Johnson to market the capsules in tamper proof packing as opposed to developing the caplets was not ethically in order. The company could well have waited to develop the caplet and avoided the ignominy of another blow to its brand which could survive only due to its goodwill with the masses. [1] http://www.jnj.com/contact_us/info_for_students/index.htm#question03

Crime decreases; student population increases in Mission Hill over the past decade :: Journalism Journalistic Essays

Crime decreases; student population increases in Mission Hill over the past decade "When I first started here, the area was so bad, that we had patrolling guard dogs. Now, the crime has gone down so much, and the neighborhood has become a better place," said Dave Welch, a 30-year resident of Mission Hill, member of the Mission Hill Crime Committee, and head of security for the New England Baptist Hospital, located on top of the neighborhood known as Mission Hill. Mission Hill is located in Roxbury, a part of Boston, and has been known in the past to have a bad reputation of being a tough area of crime and poverty. Many residents believe that the neighborhood's name was tainted after the murder of Carol Stuart in 1989. Her husband was found as the killer, but the media attention of the homicide brought negative connotations to the neighborhood, according to Mary Todd, a member of the Mission Hill Crime Committee and life long resident of Boston. "The Stuart murder a while back made the city focus on Mission Hill as an area that was overridden with crime, but they came from somewhere else to here. They weren't from here," says Todd. All crime in the neighborhood of Mission Hill has decreased over the past decade according to the analysis of 10 years worth of crime statistic reports from the Boston Police Department. The entire city is divided into 12 districts, and Mission Hill is part District B-2. Also included in District B-2 are parts of Fenway and parts of Roxbury. "Mission Hill is part of District B-2, the statistics are representative of that area, as well as others in the Fenway and parts of Roxbury. You can't use the data as strictly representative of Mission Hill, but it gives you a good reference," said Detective Barbara Bowie. Both property crime, and violent crime, which this article is focused on, has decreased in District B-2, of which Mission Hill is a part of, by 40% over the past decade. The greatest decline was in aggravated assault, a 67% change from 1993 through 2002. "Six or seven years ago, it was kind of bad," said Abi Panicker, a bartender at Pat Flanagan's, located at the foot of Mission Hill. "The biggest fight I have ever seen here was about two years ago. There were 30 people that spilled outside and across the T tracks.

The Current Marketing Environment of the Airline

This report will evaluate the current marketing environment of the airline industry in Europe. This will involve looking into different area of the airline industry such as deregulation and open skies, current economic conditions, distribution channels, pricing and revenue management. It has been proved that the airline industry is probably one of the most competitive and complex industry in the world. According to Mintel report (2009) in the past decade, air travel has grown by 7% per year. Travel for both business and leisure purposes grew strongly worldwide. Scheduled airlines carried 1.5 billion passengers last year. In the leisure market, the availability of large aircraft such as the Boeing 747 made it convenient and affordable for people to travel further to new and exotic destinations. Distribution channels In all areas of marketing links must be made between the customer and the product. These links are known as distribution channels. Airlines use a variety of these channels. All of them are giving rise to particularly intense debate at the present time, because the different channels result in different costs, and because they vary in the extent to which they allow airline to exercise proper and necessary control of the channel. S, Shaw (Airline Marketing & Management, Fifth Edition, Page 194). Global Distribution Systems (GDSs) It’s impossible to talk about distribution channel in the airline industry without mentioning GDSs. For nearly twenty years, the subject of Global Distribution Systems has been a controversial one in the airline industry, and it remains so today. S, Shaw (Airline Marketing & Management, Fifth Edition, Page 204). Until the early 1970s, contact between airlines and their distribution outlets was mainly by telephone, this was both time consuming and costly and became unsustainable as the industry grew. As the 1970s preceded, the first, pioneering carries set out to automate airline/travel agency contact. In order to do so, direct links were provided from each agency location into the airline’s reservations computer. Instead of phoning, agents could use the keyboard of Visual Display Unit to make bookings direct with the airline concerned. Besides saving a great deal of time, this also gave agent visual confirmation that required reservation had been made. Airline today In the old, regulated environment, European airlines relied on external channels (travel agents, consolidators, tour operators) to distribute up to 90 percent of tickets. Distribution via these channels typically cost an airline 17 to 20 percent of the ticket price, accounted for by travel agency commissions (including bonus â€Å"overrides†), computer reservation company booking fees, credit card fees, and the airline’s own costs (such as its salesforce). Since then, CRS technology and economics have changed a lot: thanks to the development of alternative distribution channels, such as the airlines' Internet websites or their call centres, consumers have nowadays access to a multiplicity of information and booking channels for air transport services. About 40% of all airline tickets in the EU are booked via alternative channels and about 60% via travel agents and CRSs. Bookings made via the major global distribution systems (GDS) accounted for 64% of all airline passenger revenue in the U.S. in 2008 for U.S. point-of-sale transactions, but the figure has dropped below 50% in Europe, according to (Mintel report realised 2008) in the size, role and value of GDSs in travel distribution. The decline in Europe has been sharper, falling from 56% in 2006 and 51% in 2007 to 47% in 2008.The decline is attributable, in large part, to the rapid growth of low-cost carriers, such as Ryanair, that rely exclusively or primarily on direct bookings. 69% of the nearly â‚ ¬18 billion in air travel sold by European LCCs in 2008 was booked via their own Web sites. Deregulation and open skies Throughout its history, the airline industry has been constrained by decisions made by politicians and governments. Government have controlled where airlines can fly, and aspects of their product planning and pricing policies.’ They have also had a major involvement in the industry through the ownership of airlines. They have always had a role in regulating airline safety standards, a role that remains important and, principle, relatively non-controversial. For many years, and in almost all aviation markets, government controlled airlines’ route entry and capacity and frequency decisions. In recent years, substantial regulatory reform has taken place, giving carries the challenge and the opportunity of responding to a free economic environment. In describing the system of economic regulation of the airline industry, a fundamental distinction has always been between the regulation of domestic services which are solely under the control of one government, and international services, which require the agreement of at least two. Until relatively recently, almost all domestic travel market were highly regulated. The Agreement replaced and superseded previous open skies agreements between the US and individual European countries. Deregulation is also stimulating competition, such as that from small, low cost carriers. The EU's final stage of deregulation took effect in April 1997, allowing an airline from one member state to fly passengers within another member's domestic market. Beyond Europe too, ‘open skies' agreements are beginning to dismantle some of the regulations governing which carriers can fly on certain routes. Low-Cost Airlines in Europe Budget airlines’ have been one of the main drivers of growth in intra-European travel, over the past decade. However, after a period of rapid expansion, it seems that the sector is now reaching maturity and that the growth is likely to slow down in the coming years. The low-cost business model is geared to short-haul routes, which allow for a quick turnaround of aircraft. As such, LCCs are increasingly in competition with other modes of travel, especially rail, which has undergone a substantial upgrading in recent years. The European Air travel today has many more cheap air travel options than a decade ago. The partial deregulation of air travel in Europe in the 1990s allowed the rise of low-cost airlines, and flying even short distances in Europe is often cheaper than taking the train. The days when national flagship carriers dominated air traffic and were regarded as national symbols are gone, and the fierce competition from low-cost airlines has led to bankruptcies and mergers of several large and reputable airlines. But with so many more airlines operating in Europe, comes the difficult choice for travellers to figure out how to get the best prices and the services they desire. Low-cost airlines have exploded onto the European market in recent years, and routes that were traditionally covered by national airlines now face the stiff competition of low-cost carriers. Current economic conditions The correct down fall of the economy has hit hard in all most every industry, but has hit even harder at the European airline industry. The air transport sector has been hit hard by the ongoing financial and economic crisis. Both demand and supply have been retreating at an almost unprecedented pace since early 2008. According to the IATA, international passenger demand fell by 5.6% in January 2009 compared to the same month in 2008, which was a full percentage point worse than the 4.6% year-on The current economic conditions cause consumers to make cutbacks. France, however, remains on a growth curve after several years of declining popularity. City and short breaks are increasingly popular as holidaymakers head for France for a quick-fix getaway. Even with the current economic conditions people are still using the air transport for quick getaway, †¢ European airlines affected The hardest hit has been the ‘flag carriers' who have suffered hugely due to the slump in premium and business travel, coupled with the sharp rise in fuel prices. British Airways Plc in November posted a larger than expected first-half loss and predicted revenue would slump by one billion pounds by the end of 2009. Germany's Deutsche Lufthansa AG in October provided a gloomy outlook for the airline industry and reported that its third quarter operating profit fell 21 percent. Air France-KLM posted a current operating loss of 543 million Euros for the six months ended in September, compared with a current operating profit of 592 million Euros for the same period a year earlier. Pricing and revenue management Pricing is a crucial activity for the air transport industry as airplane seats a perishable commodity. Before deregulation of the major air travel market, pricing were a relatively a simple matter, as carries generally enjoyed a monopoly, duopoly or at least a cartel situation with other carries on most routes. (Mintel June 2009) Since deregulation, the focus has switched towards filling the aircraft, which has led to greatly increased price discrimination (charging different customer segments different prices). The results has been rising load factors but decreasing real yield, as prices charged to marginal customers can be brought down to very low level (e.g. Ryanair) since the marginal cost of carrying one more passenger approaches zero.( Mintel 2009) Soaring fuel costs and impending EU Emissions measures spell danger for the industry. Load factors are also slipping, as a ‘golden period’ of fleet expansion threatens to cause a state of ‘over-capacity’. To maintain the cheap ticket model, carriers are going to have to drastically raise their ancillary revenues (in-flight sales, charges and add-ons) and increasingly expand into accommodation and transfer services, in order to cope with the economic and legislative storms they are flying towards.