Tourism Important Growth Industries Tourism Essay Essay Example

Tourism Important Growth Industries Tourism Essay Essay Tourism is one of the most of import growing industries in the universe. This industry is looked upon as the most promising one to the development states because of its numeral economic benefits. Tourism is an progressively widespread and complex activity, which requires sophisticated direction to recognize its full potency as a positive and sustainable, economic, environmental, societal and cultural force [ Lawton A ; Weaver 2006 P: 2 ] . The size and economic significance of travel and touristry have attracted the attending of many developed and developing states in actively advancing touristry as a manner to excite their economic systems, and in the procedure many have been successful in pulling big figure of international tourers [ WTTC 2003 ] . As an industry, touristry is a high precedence one in footings of employability, exchange net incomes and ecofriendliness. It is a concern of supplying and amusement for tourers. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Important Growth Industries Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Important Growth Industries Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Important Growth Industries Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tourism industry occupies an of import topographic point in the state s economic system. It is the fastest sector of an economic system these yearss and is expected to bring forth more income and employment in an economic system every bit good as earn necessary foreign exchange besides. Tourism can be loosely categorized into international touristry and interregional touristry. Both types hold better chances and contribute towards the economic development of a peculiar nation/ part. Tourism is the universe s largest export industry which, harmonizing to the World Tourism Organization ( WTO ) , generated about US $ 856 billion in 2007 by some 903 million tourers worldwide [ WTO 2008 ] . Tourism has been defined in assorted ways but may be thought of as the relationships and phenomena originating out of the journeys and impermanent corsets of people going chiefly for leisure and recreational intents. [ Pearce, 1981 ] Tourism is a extremely diversified phenomenon. The word Tourism became current early in the nineteenth century as a same what disdainful equivalent word for traveller, but it is now used in the societal scientific disciplines without coloring material, to depict any individual whose motions fulfill two conditions that first, absence from place is comparatively short and 2nd, that money spent during absence is money derived from place and non earned from the topographic points visited [ Narayana, Raghavalu, Ramu, 2007 ] . Tourism is one of the largest and fast turning industry that makes a major part to the economic systems of most developed and developing states. Tourism activities have been spread outing quickly over the past few decennaries worldwide and farther growing is expected in the hereafter. The tourer originated when big Numberss of in-between category people began to fall in blue travelers. India is a state of rich cultural heritage. Within India, after the mid 1990 s, one province that performed unusually good in touristry is Kerala. Many sites and topographic points in Kerala pull more tourers and aliens. However, these sites and topographic points of tourers have an impact to the economic system. This impact could perchance veto or positive, will explicate subsequently on thesis. Furthermore, touristry possesses some societal deduction to the development of the industry. Purpose of the survey Tourism is one of the most of import escalating industries in the universe. This industry shows possible to the development states because of its legion economic benefits. Generation of foreign exchange, creative activity of income, coevals of employment, part to province gross and its associated regional development can be cited as the major economic benefits of touristry. The betterments in the quality of life of the host population and protection and saving of the natural and reinforced resources including biodiversity are the other perceptible developments of touristry development. [ Kumar, Sudheer 2007 ] As one of the universe s largest industries, touristry has the capacity to better the material life of communities that have lost traditional industries as trade barriers have fallen. However, touristry can besides hold terrible negative impacts such as imbibing, gaming, harlotry etc which has been bring forthing offense rates on a community, outweighing any economic and cultural benefits. Historic territories tend to amplify these negative effects, as deeply rooted occupants in a restricted physical environment live with touristry on a day-to-day footing. The intent of this survey is to analyze how the finish selling would be successful in Kerala, India by advancing niche touristry merchandises in order to get the better of some of these negative impacts. Tourism is a major phenomenon of the modern society with important socio-economic effects. Harmonizing to the World Travel and Tourism Council ( WTTC ) , Tourism is the universe s most quickly turning industry and by the twelvemont h 2005, the part of touristry to the universe economic system was more than doubled from the basal degree of 1994. For developing states, the World Tourism Organisation [ WTO, 1998 ] has recognised the nascent of touristry sector for the intent of poorness relief by increased occupation creative activity. Consequently many developing states are bettering their touristry planning and development attacks [ Hall 2000 ; Elliot 1997 ] . One tendency projected is the increasing portion of international touristry into South East Asiatic part, and India as a taking finish in this part is surely balanced to work this leaning, which it missed in 1880ss and 1890ss [ WTO 1998 ] . Tourism can raise the profile of a finish, pulling the involvement of investors and visitants likewise. It is non merely the instance that many states turn to tourism out of despair, but because it affords their population a better criterion of life. There are a figure of benefits that may be derived from touristry provided that it is managed decently. These have, of class, been good documented in touristry literature and might include the creative activity of employment, the reception of foreign exchange, the enlargement of other economic sectors, and infrastructural developments. In environmental and socio-cultural footings, touristry development can supply a stimulation and support for preservation, and the saving of cultural heritage and traditions. Some of the more intangible benefits may include the reclamation of cultural pride, the resurgence of imposts and traditions, and chances for cross-cultural exchange and integrating. Again, these are more hard to mensurate, but can be perceptible within local communities. Harmonizing to the surveies by the Government of Kerala, after mid 1890ss one province that performed unusually good in touristry is Kerala. Throughout this period, the province achieved growing in touristry higher than the national norm, and has now emerged as a taking sector of the economic system, with its impact increasing in footings of economic growing and employment generated. The province authorities recognises touristry as one of the few options available to develop the economic system, particularly in the surroundings of limited chances of the fabrication sector, jobs in the agricultural and traditional sectors, and the uncertainnesss confronting the expatriate employment in the Gulf [ GOK, 2006a ] . The touristry industry in Kerala witnessed significant growing during 1890ss and beyond and is expected to turn further in the hereafter. This growing peculiarly occurred in the background of the opening up of the Indian economic system and the general planetary tendency of increasing touristry activity seen across the states in the Asiatic part. Nonetheless it is besides the conjunct attempts of the authorities and industry that made Kerala one of the best performing touristry provinces in India [ Edward, Koshy 2007 ] . This survey focuses on the recent developments and issues in Homestay Tourism in Kerala, how the Homestay, rural and CBT [ community based touristry ] are related and the overall satisfaction of Homestay touristry from an proprietor s position. Homestay touristry is the new section of the touristry industry because there is a tendency towards an increased specialisation among tourers and an increasing concern about the environment. [ Phonwiset, Yomsatharn, Chusakul 2008 cited on: nubkk.nu.ac ] . Homestay is one type of touristry that promotes interaction between visitants and host households. There are few aims besides defined to accomplish the chief purpose of the research. They are: To measure the recent developments of Tourism in India/ Kerala To analyze the major challenges in Kerala touristry To critically measure the economic, societal, cultural and environmental challenges and advantages of Homestay touristry from the proprietor s position and for the local community To explicate recommendations on the hereafter development of Homestay touristry. Why research in this subject? The research worker has chosen thisA topicA because of the involvement in making a survey related to an upcomingA and challengingA sector of touristry. Kerala is theA nativeA topographic point of the research worker. Some of the research worker s relations and friend are running place corsets and resorts in Kerala and that would assist toA collectA the relevant information s andA information s about the chosen subject. Significance of the survey Tourism is one of the mostA prestigiousA turning industries in the universe. Tourism has an educational significance. It has a good consequence which is brought about through contact between people of different races and nationalities. Tourism involves cultural alterations and consequences in cultural enrichment of those who travel every bit good as of those at the having terminal [ Ghosh ] . Another significance of touristry is the economic benefit. Because of its assorted economic benefits, this industry seems to be the most promising sector to the developing states. It is aA low-costA operation and anA additionalA income bring forthing activity that providesA employmentA to the organized every bit good as unorganised labour. Tourism encompasses so many activities that areA indispensableA but unseeable links. Honnappa and Ramakrishna [ 2006 ] defined touristry as the amount of operation chiefly economic in nature, which straight related to the entry, stay and motion of alien, inside and outside a state, metropolis or part. A The most commonA definitionA given by the World Tourism organisation [ WTO, 2001A -cited on ignou.ac.in ] is A tourer is a individual who travelA to a placeA other than his usual topographic point of abode andA stays at hotels, orA other adjustment or constitution run on a commercial footing for the continuance of non less than 24 hours and non more than 6 months at a clip for pleasance, pilgrims journey, survey, wellness, meetings and concerns. Tourism is a undertaking with exceptionally pronounced strong backward and forward linkages. The travellers spent money to bask a assortment of goods, services and experiences. Definition of Footings Homestay Tourism refers to one form of touristry with accent on ecotourism and community based touristry, in which tourers will remain over dark with the host in the small towns. The hosts have to back up visitants like a member of the household and affect them in all sorts of activities and shared experiences. These activities have the aim of larning about locals life manner and support of occupants in the community [ Phonwiset, Yomsatharn, Chusakul 2008 cited on: nubkk.nu.ac ] . II LITERATURE REVIEW There are a figure of industries that play a polar function in the development of states. Tourism being one such industry that has emerged as the largest planetary industry in the twentieth century and is projected to turn even faster during the current century. Tourism when taken in its true sense has following features ; Resource based industry and consumes resources Creates waste Specific substructure demands All the characters are linked to the societal cloth of the host community. It has societal, cultural and environmental impacts with a possibility of over ingestion. The conceptual construction of the undertaking aims to look into the jobs and advantages of place stay touristry in Kerala, from an proprietor s position. In this subdivision the research worker efforts to research the countries such as ; History of Indian touristry Background of Kerala Definition of touristry Sustainable touristry Community based touristry Homestay touristry Tourist satisfaction History of Indian Tourism India is a Centre of two ancient civilisations of the worldA called theA Indus vale civilisation, A andA theA AryanA civilization.A Tourism development in India started in the early 1960ss. By that clip most of the other states have achieved a singular advancement in thisA areaA and has exploited to maximum possible extent. The best manner to present India as a tourer finish to aliens is that India is a state of all seasons and all reasons.A India s touristry resources have ever been considered immense. The geographical characteristics are diverse, colourful and varied. As such the resource potency is so much that it can provide to all sorts and gustatory sensations of tourers. India has an ancient tradition of touristry. It existed as an industry in the informal sector in ancient times and was indulged in by all categories of people. Mark Twain competently remarked about India on India [ National Tourism Policy 2002 ] that India is one state that is endowed with an imperishable involvement for foreign prince and foreign provincial, for the knowing and the ignorant, the wise and the sap, the rich and the hapless, the bonded and the free one land that all work forces desire to see and one time seen, by even a glance, would non give theA glance for allA the shows of all the remainder of theA Earth combined. A The integrity of India lies in its diverseness people bound together by centuries of common traditions, religion and doctrine [ Pran Nath, Sushma 1993 ] . The Indian touristry industry has recorded a phenomenal growing particularly from 1990s in footings of both international and domestic tourers reachings [ Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006 ] . TheA ministryA of Indian touristry has launched a new programme called Athithi Devo Bhavah which meansA guestA is god. The inspiration behind this look is toA respectA because ; regard has ever been an indispensable portion of Indian psyche. Tourism, which is the 3rd largest foreign exchange earner in India, has started gainingA prominenceA to the publicA agendaA merely in recent old ages. Many states in the universe are trusting on touristry as one of the fastest turning sectors. In the Chief Ministers conference held on October 2001 [ National Tourism Policy 2002 ] the Prime Minister of India, Shri. Atal Bihari Vajpayee had stated that Tourism is a major phenomenon of economic growing in major parts of the world.A Many states have transformed their economic systems utilizing the touristry potenti al the fullestaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦tourism has theA potentialA to make different types of employment in assorted sectors from the most specialised to the unskilledA and what India needs is theA generationA ofA massiveA productiveA employment chances . Tourism in India has a strong relevancy to economic development and employment coevals. It creates immense employment chances, provides just distribution of wealth, helps to get the much needed foreign exchange, brings out a speedy development and betterment of infrastructural installations. Developing states have given a particular importance for the development of touristry, for it is the chief beginning of gaining foreign exchange, thereby the economic position of the state goes up [ Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006 ] .A noticeable alteration in theA holidayingA trendA wasA reportedA both the international and domestic tourers showed anA inclinationA towards adventure athleticss. India is easy but certainly rousing to its touristry potency. The result of many surveies hat has been done about touristry, states that India is a state with huge touristry resources and has suited for all sorts of touristries like eco-tourism, adventure touristry, religious touristry, athleticss touristry, cu ltural touristry and rural touristry. With little states like Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand areA allA readyA majorA tourist finishs ; India has toA struggleA toA promoteA itself to the universe touristsA [ Revathy 2008 ] . Tourism in Kerala Kerala, one of the smallest provinces lies in the southern seashore of India, is one of the leadingA proponentsA of touristry in assorted sectors.A Kerala has aA vastA and vibrantA sphere, where play unfolds in theA formA ofA spellA jumping heritage citesA station, A unA -spoilt beaches, picturesque hill, roaringA waterA falls, oldA templeA towns, alien wild life, A hustling metropoliss, surrounded with back Waterss, A variedA adventure athleticss and aA vibrantA manner of life.A Kerala is one of India s most advanced societies with about full literate people and first-class quality of life. [ Kumar, Sudheer 2007 ] . On its manner to going south, Kerala is one of the provinces that attract a big figure of tourers in South India.A In order toA tapA the tourer possible ofA so much history and such aA assortment of natural gifts, the Kerala authorities is taking a figure of stairss to better theA province s infrastructuresA likeA air, route and rail links. TheA stateA is germinating new schemes, making dynamic bluish prints and guaranting meticulousA executionA will do certain that theA stateA willA emergeA on top.A Developing universe category touristry merchandises needs heightening substructure, watercourse liningA disposal, strategicA allianceA and selling will guarantee that tourismA bringA sustainable growing and prosperity to Kerala besides known as Gods on Country [ Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006 ] .A Definition of Tourism Tourism has been defined as the activities of individuals going to and remaining in topographic points outside of their usual environment for non more than one back-to-back twelvemonth for leisure, concern and other intents [ WTO 1998 ] . There are different words and significances for touristry such as Domestic Tourism: that involves occupants of the given state going merely within the state. Inbound Tourism: involves occupants going in the given state. Outbound Tourism: means occupants going in another state. International Tourism: consists of inbound and outward touristry [ WTO 1998 ] . Definitions of Homestay Tourism It is comparable to bed and breakfasts, but even less formal. A place stay belongings is a non commercialized, private abode that accommodates paying guest ( s ) who enjoy remaining in the comfort and security of a household place. These invitees frequently reside in the household place for an drawn-out period of clip, normally months instead than yearss. It is a safe, low-cost agencies of lodging popular amongst international pupils, housemans, going professionals and grownup visitants from other states, who are looking to see and larn approximately local life style and civilization [ cited on: onecaribbean.org ] Homestay is one type of touristry that promotes interaction between host households and tourers [ cited on: mekongtourism.org ] Homestay touristry refers to one form of touristry with accent on ecotourism and community based touristry, in which tourers will remain over dark with the host in the small towns. The hosts have to back up visitants like a member of the household and affect them in all sorts of activities and shared experiences. These activities have the aim of larning about locals life manner and support of occupants in the community [ Phonwiset, Yomsatharn, Chusakul 2008 cited on: nubkk.nu.ac Sustainable Tourism There is no widely accepted definition of sustainable touristry. It could, of class, be suggested that sustainable touristry should merely be about using the Brundtland Report definition of sustainability to touristry. This could take to a definition such as: Forms of touristry which meet the demands of tourers, the touristry industry, and host communities today without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands . There is another definition of sustainable touristry emphasizes the environmental, societal and economic elements of the touristry system. This definition means touristry which is economically feasible, but does non destruct the resources on which the hereafter of touristry will depend, notably the physical environment and the societal cloth of the host community [ Swarbrooke 1999 ] . Sustainable touristry is the touristry development that protects of import ecological and biological qualities and the procedure consequences in increased economic chance for local occupants and involves them in decision- devising, and respects the unity of cultural norms and traditions. Sustainable touristry development is based on the aim that it meets the demands of present tourers and host parts while protecting and heightening chances for the hereafter. It is envisaged as taking to direction of all resources in such a manner that economic, societal and aesthetic demands can be fulfilled while keeping cultural unity, indispensable ecological procedures, biological diverseness and life support system [ Ashraf, Fazili 2004 ] . For the development of touristry, the section has decided to develop policies, schemes and programs for sustainable touristry. The touristry program or policy is a gaming that will decidedly hold victors or also-rans that make the populace sector touristry policy a political issue. Tourism has powerful vested involvements that will seek to act upon the political procedure such as conveyance operators and hotelkeepers. Such sort of groups may besides oppose steps to do touristry more sustainable. Rather than giving importance to the virtues of touristry position point, the authorities and local communities are taking the touristry determinations for political grounds [ Swarbrooke 1999 ] . The construct of sustainability clearly embraces the environment, people and economic systems. Therefore sustainable touristry is based on ; societal advancement reflecting the demands for everyone, effectual protection of environment, prudent usage of natural resources, care of high and stable degrees of economic growing and employment. Harmonizing to Swarbrooke 1999, there are figure of obstructions that will restrict the function of the populace sector in touristry, planning and development. They are ; Tourism is merely a low precedence for the populace sector and at that place seems to be a deficiency of political will to develop sustainable touristry. The construct of public sector planning and ordinance are out of manner Many public sector organic structures lack the fiscal resources required to play a major function in touristry planning and development. There is deficiency of staff expertness in touristry in most public sector organisations around the universe. The series of election affects the willingness of politicians to do the sort of long term determinations on which sustainable touristry depends. Public sector is merely a minor participant in the touristry industry with least control over touristry merchandises. Sustainable touristry is lead by motivations like spirit of question, love of beauty, hunt for cognition and regard for nature. It aims at quality touristry which creates least harm to the natural, societal and cultural environment. The sustainable touristry hinges upon the overall direction as a feasible method in sustainable tourer activities. The overall quality attack renders the direction of merchandises particularly of tourer countries, highly sensitive to the penchants and outlooks of consumers. The private and public profitableness of a tourer finish will depend on the client sanitation, since they will return more frequently and remain longer and will convey a positive image of their vacation experience to others. However, as these penchants and outlooks include the demand for good scenes and consumer satisfaction, the profitableness of a tourer topographic point, will name for the development of schemes for sustainable development [ Honnappa, Ramakrishna 2006 ] Community Based Tourism Tourism can convey both benefits and jobs to an country. If good planned, developed and managed, touristry generates local occupations and income and provides chances for local enterprisers to set up touristry endeavors that lead to better the life criterions of occupants [ WTO 1998 ] . Community based touristry includes a scope of activities, services and comfortss provided by the rural people to pull tourer to their country in order to bring forth excess income. It is frequently considered ideal and inherently sustainable as it attracts manageable figure of visitants, does non necessitate much infrastructural development, does non devour excessively much of already scarce resources, does non necessitate high sum of skill base, and provides a beginning of income to locals besides continuing the local civilization and its traditions. One of the chief attractive forces of CBT is the extremely personal interactions between the host and the invitee where both parties can portion knowledge, thoughts and experience and as a effect addition the net incomes of local community with minimum investings. Events like, a dark out with the locals at their places, engagement in the lesser known small town spiritual or cultural events, an chance to take part in local activities like agribusiness, fishing or even populating with locals and sharing their nutrient, their lives and their business could supply the much needed bonus for community based touristry [ Mello 2008 ] . Tourism can convey both benefits and jobs to the local society and its cultural forms. Although more hard to mensurate than economic or environmental impacts, socio -cultural impacts are major considerations in developing touristry in any topographic point. These impacts can be particularly critical in states that still have strongly traditional economic systems and societies. Despite the fact that touristry can bring forth socio -cultural impacts, it is obvious that any sort of new development brings alterations. Tourism is one of the of import beginnings that can convey alterations in a society. A well planned, developed and managed touristry in a socially responsible mode can convey some sorts of socio -cultural benefits such as Improves the life criterions of people and helps pay for betterments to community installations and services, if the economic benefits of touristry are good distributed. Conserves the cultural heritage of an country which otherwise might be lost as a consequence of general development taking topographic point. Conservation of archaeological and historic sites was referred to under environmental impacts. In some topographic points touristry can be the drift for regenerating cultural forms which might be vanishing. Reinforces or even renews a sense of pride of occupants I their civilization, when they observe tourers appreciating it. Helps develop and keep museums, theaters and other cultural installations supported by touristry but the occupants can besides bask it. Tourism provides an chance for transverse civilization exchange between tourers and occupants who learn about, and come to esteem one another s civilization. This exchange can be best be achieved through certain signifiers of touristry educational and other types of particular involvement Tourss, village touristry and place visit programmes whereby tourer can set up to see local households. Methodology Introduction Research is a common phrasing that refers to a hunt for knowledge. More than a set of accomplishments, research is a manner of thought: examining critically the assorted facets of twenty-four hours -to-day professional work ; understanding and explicating steering rules that govern a peculiar process ; and developing and proving new theories for the sweetening of your pattern [ Kumar 2005:2 ] . Harmonizing to Kothari [ 1985:1 ] , research is an academic activity and as such the term should be used in a proficient usage. Redman and Mory [ 1923 ] define research as a systemized attempt to derive cognition [ cited by Kothari 1985 ] . In this chapter the research worker will specify the techniques that were used to accomplish the mark. Statement of methodological analysis Both primary and secondary informations have been used in this research work. Assorted beginnings of secondary informations used in this research. They are from books, newspapers, magazines, diaries, publications of the cardinal, province and local authoritiess, related web sites and studies of assorted links that related to the subject, studies prepared by research bookmans, universities, public records and statistics. Much attention has to be taken while roll uping the secondary informations. The dependability, suitableness and adequateness are some of the of import features of secondary informations. Harmonizing to Kothari [ 1985:138 ] , the dependability can be tested by happening out such things about the said informations: A ] who collected the information? B ] What were the beginnings of informations? C ] Were they collected by utilizing proper methods? D ] At what clip they were collected? E ] Was there any prejudice of the compiler? F ] What degree of truth was desired? G ] Was it achieved? Kumar [ 2005: 156 ] , has defined the significance of dependability as if a research tool is consistent and stable, and therefore, predictable and accurate, it is said to be dependable. The greater the grade of consistence and stableness in an instrument, the greater is its dependability. In the suitableness context, the research worker must be really carefully scrutinized the definition of assorted footings and units of aggregation used at the clip of roll uping the information from primary beginning originally. At the same clip, the object, range and nature of the original question must besides be studied. Adequacy of informations is the degree of truth achieved in informations found inadequate for the intent of the present question, they will be considered as unequal and should non be used by the research worker. The information will besides be considered unequal, if they are related to an country which may be either narrower or wider than the country of present question [ Kothari 1985 ] On the other manus, there would be a hazard factor in utilizing the already available informations as it should be used merely by the research worker finds them dependable, suited and equal. There are several methods that can be used to roll up primary informations. Since there is non that much academic research have taken topographic point in the current subject, the research worker has to research assorted facets of Homestay touristry, its benefits and issues from the proprietor s position point. In this model here, telephonic interviews utilizing structured questionnaires were used to garner the relevant information from the respondent ( Owner ) . The telephonic interviews are the method of roll uping information from respondents through telephone ( Kothari, 1985 ) . This method has non been widely used but plays a critical portion in industrial studies. From Kothari [ 1985 ] s position point the virtues of telephonic interviews are ; a ] more flexible in comparing to get offing method, B ] faster and a speedy manner of obtaining information, degree Celsius ] should be cheaper, 500 ] rate of response is higher, 500 ] no staff required. However, there are some demerits for this system. They are, a ] the clip cross given to respondents for considered reply is less, B ] interviews are restricted to respondents who have telephone installations, c ] possibility of the prejudice of the interviewer is comparatively more. On the other manus, questionnaires are one other manner to roll up information from the participants. Kumar [ 2005 ] , clearly points out the interview agenda and a questionnaire. The lone difference is that in the former it is the interviewer who ask the inquiries and records the respondent s answers on an interview agenda, and in the latter answers are recorded by the respondent s themselves. This differentiation is of import in accounting for the several strengths and failings of the two methods. The questionnaires are of two types, structured and unstructured. Structured questionnaires are those questionnaires in which there are definite, concrete and pre determined inquiries. The inquiries are presented with precisely the same diction and in the same order to all respondents. The signifier of the inquiries may be either closed i.e. , yes/no or unfastened i.e. ask foring free response, but should be stated in progress and non constructed during oppugning [ Kothari 1985:125 ] .

The eNotes Blog 10 Bookish Costume Ideas forHalloween

10 Bookish Costume Ideas forHalloween Halloween is just around the corner! If youre looking for a costume idea, weve collected our top 10 literature-inspired outfits here by level of difficulty, so you can look bookishly awesome no matter how much time you have on your hands. 1. Ishmael, from Moby Dick Youre just one name tag away from Call me Ishmael. 2. Fifty Shades of Grey Witty and racy. Head to your local hardware store for some free color sheets and youre done!   3. A semi-colon Just make sure you only stand between two independent clauses at the party. 4. Hester Prynne, from  The Scarlet Letter You could go all out for this one and dress in Puritan garb, but really the only requirement is the red A pinned to your chest. Besides, a modern-day Hester costume would probably earn you real feminist brownie points. 5. Matilda Wormwood Everybody loves Roald Dahls  Matilda, and dressing up like the young bookworm is easy: all youll need is a ribbon in your hair, a floral  dress or overalls, and some books. Extra points for tacking on the red wagon or the ability to move objects with your mind. 6. Your favorite book cover There are a few clever ways to do this one: you could  paint a cardboard box and wear it over your torso, dress up as the person on the cover of the book (like this great face paint job to recreate  Pride and Prejudice and Zombies), or have a friend paint the cover on the backs of your hands so you can hold them up like youre actually reading the book (which, be honest, youd much rather be doing anyway). 7. Carrie To become Stephen Kings iconic character you will need: 1 white dress, 1 bucket oblood, and Sissy Spaceks crazy eyes. 8. Zombie librarian Sure, you could be your classic librarian, but playing with fake blood is just so much more fun! 9. Darcy and Elizabeth If you have a guy wholl agree to dress as Mr. Darcy, youve already won. 10. Danaerys Targaryen / Khaleesi The further you can go with this costume the better! Extra points for bringing your own baby dragons or, for the shockers, an edible horse heart. mmmm. Last but not least the easiest literary costume ever: Godot Skip the party altogether and leave them wondering when youll show up. What do you plan to dress as this Halloween? Share your bookish costume ideas in a comment!

1419 Work Related Learning

The Every Child Matters (2003) green paper also identified five outcomes that are most important to children and young people: being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and achieving economic well-being. These five outcomes are universal ambitions for every child and young person, whatever their background or circumstances. Following wide consultation with children’s services, parents, children and young people, the Government published Every Child Matters: the Next Steps in November 2004, and passed the Children Act (2004), providing the basis for developing more effective and accessible services focused around the needs of children, young people and families. The recently formed DCSF (Department for Children, Schools and Families) echo’s the points made in ECM (2004) and seeks to ensure that all children and young people stay healthy and safe, secure an excellent education and the highest possible standards of achievement, enjoy their childhood, make a positive contribution to society and the economy, have lives full of opportunity, free from the effects of poverty. These outcomes are mutually reinforcing. For example, children and young people learn and thrive when they are healthy, safe and engaged. The DCSF also aim to raise educational standards so that more children and young people reach expected levels, lifting more children out of poverty and re-engaging disaffected young people. This is particularly applicable to my practice as the socio-economic circumstances of most of my students disadvantage them. Most of my students live in Camborne, Pool, Redruth and Hayle. These are widely recognized as deprived areas regarding economic opportunities, high number of single parent households, low employment prospects, and the majority of employment being minimum waged, relatively insecure, part time, seasonal or flexi time. (SDRC 2004). This relates back to ECM (2003) in that this seems to be applied in context of the geographic and demographic circumstances of children and young people. For example, a student from a poor single parent household in a deprived area with high crime rates who participates in underage smoking and drinking may be majority behaviour or the ‘norm’ in certain subcultures in Camborne, Redruth, Pool and Hayle but would attract more attention and concern in a more affluent area where this was not the ‘norm’. 2 We Could be Left Behind In every decade children are maturing physically earlier than before resulting in a constant shortening of childhood in a biological and social sense. This has a converse repercussive effect involving the constant lengthening of childhood in an educational sense. Cunningham 2006) This is reflected in the proposals in the DfE (Johnson 2007) report Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16 are highlighting the need to continue study for 14-19 year olds and by 2015 the school leaving age will be increased to 18 years of age. The reasons the government have given for such policies being implemented are illustrated by the secretary of education; Johnson (2007:3) when he said ‘ the undeniable truth is that if a young person continues their education post 16 they are more likely to achieve valuable qualifications, earn more and lead happier, healthier lives’. A seeming contradiction to Johnsons (2007) policy of staying in education longer and its benefits have been researched by Walker and Zhu (2003:145) who asserted that ‘there is no evidence that raising the minimum school leaving age made people who have not intended to leave at the minimum age raise their educational standard. This is consistent with the view that education raises productivity and not with the view that productive people get more educated’ Johnsons (2007) statement seems concerned with happiness, health and wealth. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR 1948) has wider reaching concerns. The UDHR (1948) states in Article 26 that ‘education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human right and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among nations, racial or religious groups for the maintenance of peace’. However, Johnson (2007:18) goes on to explain ‘we have a duty to prepare all young people for the labour market’ as ‘the world economy is developing at an ever more rapid pace. If we do not act now we could be left behind’. So its seems that it is not just for the benefit of our children’s wellbeing that Johnson encourages the parents of the youth of today to continue in education and so ‘achieving valuable qualifications, earn more and lead happier healthier lives’ (Johnson 2007:3) but more to do with deeper issues of ‘the world economy’s development and the UKs position of power within it’. In the same report Johnson (2007) quotes research carried out by the National Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER) that reinforces the idea that when individuals achieve higher levels of skill and qualification, businesses and the economy benefit. This is compelling evidence that increasing the educative stock of human capital raises productivity at the macro economic level. In relation to literacy for example, a study by Coulombe Trembley and Marchard (2004) found that if a countries literacy score increases by 1% relative to the inter national average a 2. % relative rise in labour productivity and a 1. 5% rise in GDP per year can be expected. 3 Surf’s up This emphasis on cultural superficiality, fragmentary sensations and disposability offers wide implications and questions; not least ‘what is postmodernism? Postmodernism itself is a much disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early 1980s. In its simplest sense it refers generally to the phase of 20th century Western culture including the products of the age of mass television since the mid 1950s. More often, though, it is applied to a cultural condition prevailing in the advanced capitalist societies since the 1960s, characterized by a ‘superabundance of disconnected images and styles most noticeably in television, advertising, commercial design, and pop video’ (Baudrillard 1998:72) In my practice I notice that these media have a profound impact on defining student’s social standing and identity within their peer group. In my role as a lecturer I observe that the students are encouraged through media and peer pressure to consume. Children’s identities centre prolifically on brand names and icons (mobile phones and hoodies) which help to fulfil their aspirations to obtain products which make statements about who they are. The latest fashions all contribute to the identity of the youth of today where a distinct subculture and language exist involving Xboxes, ipods, beebo, Bluetooth, myspace, chavs, hoodies, emos, skaters and goths. I ensure that I participate and involve such subcultural language within my practice when explaining tasks, demonstrating skills or providing metaphorical illustrations. Whatever postmodernism is and however the term evades definition, what the intellectual highbrows have been lecturing on postmodernism are soon to become extinct by their own doing. The postmodernist wave of consumer students have climbed the ladder and are nipping at the heels of the old school who created them like Doctor Frankenstein who is dispatched by his creation. This wave of postmodernist students could also be seen as in a vast ocean of modernity where far from the shore one can see the formation of a wave. As the wave builds in popularity it slowly approaches the shore, the crest breaks; postmodernity is born. As we stand and watch, it slips beneath itself, down into the ocean, and there in time it becomes ‘the modern’, dissolved and replaced by yet another breaking new wave. Paradoxically the new wave will emerge in a significantly disposable, shifting, fragmentary postmodern society with expectations of structured, quantifiable, standardised educative processes. One of the latest waves to begin its postmodernist journey towards the shore before slipping back into modernism and the norm is the Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF) announcement in January 2008 by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) who have â€Å"allowed commercial companies the ability to award nationally accredited qualifications to employees, for the first time Network Rail, Flybe and McDonald’s all achieve the standards set by QCA for awarding accredited qualifications, enabling them to assess, track and recognise work-place learning† (QCA 2008) McQualifications This links to Ritzers (2000) notion of the McDonaldisation of education, where education is based on the premise of efficiency, calculability, and predictability and is partially governed by non-human technology. This perspective is rooted in both Fordian principles of mass production, mechanisation and assembly lines (Ling 1991) and Weberian (1968) principles regarding the growth of formal rational systems with its emphasis on the rules and regulations of large social structures. Ritzer (2000:2) applies this process of McDonaldisation not only to ‘restaurants but also to work, health care, travel, leisure, dieting, politics, the family, and virtually every aspect of society’; including, of course, education. This could be illustrated with the OFSTED standardisation of observations and grading, league tables, units of competence, knowledge requirements etcetera. For example, Young (1961) asserts that in a meritocracy, all citizens have the opportunity to be recognized and advanced in proportion to their abilities and accomplishments. The ideal of meritocracy has become controversial because of its association with the use of tests of intellectual ability, such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test, to regulate admissions to elite colleges and universities. It could be argued that an individual’s performance on these tests reflects their social class and family environment more than ability. Maybe this is what Chomsky (1989) would label a necessary illusion. One that allows the system to keep on running with the support of its members even if massive disparities and inequalities exist. Supporting a system that does not support you as an individual is a typical hegemonic regime of truth; a discourse that the society accepts and makes function as true (Foucault 1980:131). Excellence in Schools (DFEE 1997) and Meeting the Challenge (DFEE1998) were ntroduced as the Governments educational policies and marked the change from centralised control to educational intervention where direct involvement and partnerships with parents, schools, Local Authorities and businesses recognised them as stakeholders in an attempt to improve standards in schools and to find ‘radical and innovative solutions’ (Blair 1998:1 cited in Meeting the Challenge 1998) to problems of underachievement. Reference List Baudrillard, J. (1998) The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. London. S age. Children Act (2004). London. HMSO. Chomsky, N. (1989) Necessary Illusions. London. Pluto Press Climbie Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Lord Laming (2003). London. HMSO. Coulombe,S. Trembley, F. and Marchard, S. (2004) Literacy scores, human capital and growth, across 14 OECD countries. OECD. Canada. Cook – Sather, A (2002) ‘Authorising Students perspectives: towards trust, dialogue and change in education’. Educational Researcher, 31, 4, p3 -14. Cunningham, H. (2006) The Invention of Childhood. London. BBC Worldwide Ltd. DCSF (2007). Department for Children, Schools and Families. Accessed online at dfes. gov. uk. DFEE (1997) Excellence in Schools. London. HMSO. DFEE (1998) Meeting the Challenge. London. HMSO. DWP (2006) Equality and Diversity: Age Discrimination in Employment and Vocational Training. London. HMSO. ECM (2004). London. HMSO. Every Child Matters (2004) Change for Children in Schools. Nottingham. DfES. HMSO ECM (2005) Change for Children: common core of skills and knowledge for the childrens workforce. DfES. ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) ‘Consulting Pupils about Teaching and Learning’. Foucault, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews Other Writings 1972- 1977. Gordon, C. (ed) New York. Pantheon Books. Illich, I. 1973) Deschooling Society. Great Britain. Penguin. Johnson, A. (2007) Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16. DfE Kolb, D. (1984) Experiential learning as the science of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice Hall. Laidlaw, M (1994) The democraticising potential of dialogical focus in an action inquiry. Educational Action Research, 2, 2, p223 â⠂¬â€œ 241 Ling, P (1991) America and the Automobile: Technology, Reform and Social Change, 1893-1923. Technology and Culture, Vol. 32, No. 3 p 627-628 National Institute for Social and Economic Research (2002). Britains relative productivity performance – updates to 1999. NISER Oplatka, I (2004) ‘The characteristics of the school organisation and the constraints on market ideology in education: an institutional view’. Journal of Educational Policy 19, 2, p143 – 161. QCA (2008) News release: Employers gain official awarding body status on line at http://www. qca. org. uk on 29/01/2008 Ritzer,G. (2000) The McDonaldization of Society. London. Pine Forge Press. Rudduck, J and Flutter, J (2000) ‘Pupil participation and pupil perspective: carving a new order of experience. Cambridge Journal of Education, 30, 1, p75 – 89. Schon, D. A. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action. London: Temple Smith Social Disadvantage Research Centre (2004) The English Indices of Deprivation 2004 HMSO Tomlinson, M. (2003) Tomlinson Report, The. Accessed online at qca. org. uk on 4. 12. 07. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) General Assembly of the United Nations. Usher, R. Bryant, I and Johnston, R (1998). Adult Education and the Postmodern Challenge. London. Routledge. Walker, I. and Zhu, Y. (2003) Education, earnings and productivity: recent UK evidence. Labour Market Trends. Accessed online at www. statistics. gov. uk-article labour. Market-trends-education mar03pdf on 25. 6. 07 Weber, M. (1968) Economy and Society. Totowa. Bedminster. Whitehead, J and Clough, N. (2004) ‘Pupils, the forgotten partners in education action zones’. Journal of Educational Policy 19, 2, p216 – 226 Young, M. (1961) The Rise of the Meritocracy: An Essay on Education and Equality. Great Britain. Penguin. Bibliography Donovan, G. (2005). Teaching 14-19. Great Britain. David Fulton. Vizard, D. (2004). Behaviour Solutions: teaching 14-16 year olds in colleges of further education. Great Britain. Incentive Plus. 1419 Work Related Learning The Every Child Matters (2003) green paper also identified five outcomes that are most important to children and young people: being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and achieving economic well-being. These five outcomes are universal ambitions for every child and young person, whatever their background or circumstances. Following wide consultation with children’s services, parents, children and young people, the Government published Every Child Matters: the Next Steps in November 2004, and passed the Children Act (2004), providing the basis for developing more effective and accessible services focused around the needs of children, young people and families. The recently formed DCSF (Department for Children, Schools and Families) echo’s the points made in ECM (2004) and seeks to ensure that all children and young people stay healthy and safe, secure an excellent education and the highest possible standards of achievement, enjoy their childhood, make a positive contribution to society and the economy, have lives full of opportunity, free from the effects of poverty. These outcomes are mutually reinforcing. For example, children and young people learn and thrive when they are healthy, safe and engaged. The DCSF also aim to raise educational standards so that more children and young people reach expected levels, lifting more children out of poverty and re-engaging disaffected young people. This is particularly applicable to my practice as the socio-economic circumstances of most of my students disadvantage them. Most of my students live in Camborne, Pool, Redruth and Hayle. These are widely recognized as deprived areas regarding economic opportunities, high number of single parent households, low employment prospects, and the majority of employment being minimum waged, relatively insecure, part time, seasonal or flexi time. (SDRC 2004). This relates back to ECM (2003) in that this seems to be applied in context of the geographic and demographic circumstances of children and young people. For example, a student from a poor single parent household in a deprived area with high crime rates who participates in underage smoking and drinking may be majority behaviour or the ‘norm’ in certain subcultures in Camborne, Redruth, Pool and Hayle but would attract more attention and concern in a more affluent area where this was not the ‘norm’. 2 We Could be Left Behind In every decade children are maturing physically earlier than before resulting in a constant shortening of childhood in a biological and social sense. This has a converse repercussive effect involving the constant lengthening of childhood in an educational sense. Cunningham 2006) This is reflected in the proposals in the DfE (Johnson 2007) report Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16 are highlighting the need to continue study for 14-19 year olds and by 2015 the school leaving age will be increased to 18 years of age. The reasons the government have given for such policies being implemented are illustrated by the secretary of education; Johnson (2007:3) when he said ‘ the undeniable truth is that if a young person continues their education post 16 they are more likely to achieve valuable qualifications, earn more and lead happier, healthier lives’. A seeming contradiction to Johnsons (2007) policy of staying in education longer and its benefits have been researched by Walker and Zhu (2003:145) who asserted that ‘there is no evidence that raising the minimum school leaving age made people who have not intended to leave at the minimum age raise their educational standard. This is consistent with the view that education raises productivity and not with the view that productive people get more educated’ Johnsons (2007) statement seems concerned with happiness, health and wealth. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR 1948) has wider reaching concerns. The UDHR (1948) states in Article 26 that ‘education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human right and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among nations, racial or religious groups for the maintenance of peace’. However, Johnson (2007:18) goes on to explain ‘we have a duty to prepare all young people for the labour market’ as ‘the world economy is developing at an ever more rapid pace. If we do not act now we could be left behind’. So its seems that it is not just for the benefit of our children’s wellbeing that Johnson encourages the parents of the youth of today to continue in education and so ‘achieving valuable qualifications, earn more and lead happier healthier lives’ (Johnson 2007:3) but more to do with deeper issues of ‘the world economy’s development and the UKs position of power within it’. In the same report Johnson (2007) quotes research carried out by the National Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER) that reinforces the idea that when individuals achieve higher levels of skill and qualification, businesses and the economy benefit. This is compelling evidence that increasing the educative stock of human capital raises productivity at the macro economic level. In relation to literacy for example, a study by Coulombe Trembley and Marchard (2004) found that if a countries literacy score increases by 1% relative to the inter national average a 2. % relative rise in labour productivity and a 1. 5% rise in GDP per year can be expected. 3 Surf’s up This emphasis on cultural superficiality, fragmentary sensations and disposability offers wide implications and questions; not least ‘what is postmodernism? Postmodernism itself is a much disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early 1980s. In its simplest sense it refers generally to the phase of 20th century Western culture including the products of the age of mass television since the mid 1950s. More often, though, it is applied to a cultural condition prevailing in the advanced capitalist societies since the 1960s, characterized by a ‘superabundance of disconnected images and styles most noticeably in television, advertising, commercial design, and pop video’ (Baudrillard 1998:72) In my practice I notice that these media have a profound impact on defining student’s social standing and identity within their peer group. In my role as a lecturer I observe that the students are encouraged through media and peer pressure to consume. Children’s identities centre prolifically on brand names and icons (mobile phones and hoodies) which help to fulfil their aspirations to obtain products which make statements about who they are. The latest fashions all contribute to the identity of the youth of today where a distinct subculture and language exist involving Xboxes, ipods, beebo, Bluetooth, myspace, chavs, hoodies, emos, skaters and goths. I ensure that I participate and involve such subcultural language within my practice when explaining tasks, demonstrating skills or providing metaphorical illustrations. Whatever postmodernism is and however the term evades definition, what the intellectual highbrows have been lecturing on postmodernism are soon to become extinct by their own doing. The postmodernist wave of consumer students have climbed the ladder and are nipping at the heels of the old school who created them like Doctor Frankenstein who is dispatched by his creation. This wave of postmodernist students could also be seen as in a vast ocean of modernity where far from the shore one can see the formation of a wave. As the wave builds in popularity it slowly approaches the shore, the crest breaks; postmodernity is born. As we stand and watch, it slips beneath itself, down into the ocean, and there in time it becomes ‘the modern’, dissolved and replaced by yet another breaking new wave. Paradoxically the new wave will emerge in a significantly disposable, shifting, fragmentary postmodern society with expectations of structured, quantifiable, standardised educative processes. One of the latest waves to begin its postmodernist journey towards the shore before slipping back into modernism and the norm is the Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF) announcement in January 2008 by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) who have â€Å"allowed commercial companies the ability to award nationally accredited qualifications to employees, for the first time Network Rail, Flybe and McDonald’s all achieve the standards set by QCA for awarding accredited qualifications, enabling them to assess, track and recognise work-place learning† (QCA 2008) McQualifications This links to Ritzers (2000) notion of the McDonaldisation of education, where education is based on the premise of efficiency, calculability, and predictability and is partially governed by non-human technology. This perspective is rooted in both Fordian principles of mass production, mechanisation and assembly lines (Ling 1991) and Weberian (1968) principles regarding the growth of formal rational systems with its emphasis on the rules and regulations of large social structures. Ritzer (2000:2) applies this process of McDonaldisation not only to ‘restaurants but also to work, health care, travel, leisure, dieting, politics, the family, and virtually every aspect of society’; including, of course, education. This could be illustrated with the OFSTED standardisation of observations and grading, league tables, units of competence, knowledge requirements etcetera. For example, Young (1961) asserts that in a meritocracy, all citizens have the opportunity to be recognized and advanced in proportion to their abilities and accomplishments. The ideal of meritocracy has become controversial because of its association with the use of tests of intellectual ability, such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test, to regulate admissions to elite colleges and universities. It could be argued that an individual’s performance on these tests reflects their social class and family environment more than ability. Maybe this is what Chomsky (1989) would label a necessary illusion. One that allows the system to keep on running with the support of its members even if massive disparities and inequalities exist. Supporting a system that does not support you as an individual is a typical hegemonic regime of truth; a discourse that the society accepts and makes function as true (Foucault 1980:131). Excellence in Schools (DFEE 1997) and Meeting the Challenge (DFEE1998) were ntroduced as the Governments educational policies and marked the change from centralised control to educational intervention where direct involvement and partnerships with parents, schools, Local Authorities and businesses recognised them as stakeholders in an attempt to improve standards in schools and to find ‘radical and innovative solutions’ (Blair 1998:1 cited in Meeting the Challenge 1998) to problems of underachievement. Reference List Baudrillard, J. (1998) The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. London. S age. Children Act (2004). London. HMSO. Chomsky, N. (1989) Necessary Illusions. London. Pluto Press Climbie Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Lord Laming (2003). London. HMSO. Coulombe,S. Trembley, F. and Marchard, S. (2004) Literacy scores, human capital and growth, across 14 OECD countries. OECD. Canada. Cook – Sather, A (2002) ‘Authorising Students perspectives: towards trust, dialogue and change in education’. Educational Researcher, 31, 4, p3 -14. Cunningham, H. (2006) The Invention of Childhood. London. BBC Worldwide Ltd. DCSF (2007). Department for Children, Schools and Families. Accessed online at dfes. gov. uk. DFEE (1997) Excellence in Schools. London. HMSO. DFEE (1998) Meeting the Challenge. London. HMSO. DWP (2006) Equality and Diversity: Age Discrimination in Employment and Vocational Training. London. HMSO. ECM (2004). London. HMSO. Every Child Matters (2004) Change for Children in Schools. Nottingham. DfES. HMSO ECM (2005) Change for Children: common core of skills and knowledge for the childrens workforce. DfES. ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) ‘Consulting Pupils about Teaching and Learning’. Foucault, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews Other Writings 1972- 1977. Gordon, C. (ed) New York. Pantheon Books. Illich, I. 1973) Deschooling Society. Great Britain. Penguin. Johnson, A. (2007) Raising Expectations: staying in education and training post-16. DfE Kolb, D. (1984) Experiential learning as the science of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice Hall. Laidlaw, M (1994) The democraticising potential of dialogical focus in an action inquiry. Educational Action Research, 2, 2, p223 â⠂¬â€œ 241 Ling, P (1991) America and the Automobile: Technology, Reform and Social Change, 1893-1923. Technology and Culture, Vol. 32, No. 3 p 627-628 National Institute for Social and Economic Research (2002). Britains relative productivity performance – updates to 1999. NISER Oplatka, I (2004) ‘The characteristics of the school organisation and the constraints on market ideology in education: an institutional view’. Journal of Educational Policy 19, 2, p143 – 161. QCA (2008) News release: Employers gain official awarding body status on line at http://www. qca. org. uk on 29/01/2008 Ritzer,G. (2000) The McDonaldization of Society. London. Pine Forge Press. Rudduck, J and Flutter, J (2000) ‘Pupil participation and pupil perspective: carving a new order of experience. Cambridge Journal of Education, 30, 1, p75 – 89. Schon, D. A. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action. London: Temple Smith Social Disadvantage Research Centre (2004) The English Indices of Deprivation 2004 HMSO Tomlinson, M. (2003) Tomlinson Report, The. Accessed online at qca. org. uk on 4. 12. 07. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) General Assembly of the United Nations. Usher, R. Bryant, I and Johnston, R (1998). Adult Education and the Postmodern Challenge. London. Routledge. Walker, I. and Zhu, Y. (2003) Education, earnings and productivity: recent UK evidence. Labour Market Trends. Accessed online at www. statistics. gov. uk-article labour. Market-trends-education mar03pdf on 25. 6. 07 Weber, M. (1968) Economy and Society. Totowa. Bedminster. Whitehead, J and Clough, N. (2004) ‘Pupils, the forgotten partners in education action zones’. Journal of Educational Policy 19, 2, p216 – 226 Young, M. (1961) The Rise of the Meritocracy: An Essay on Education and Equality. Great Britain. Penguin. Bibliography Donovan, G. (2005). Teaching 14-19. Great Britain. David Fulton. Vizard, D. (2004). Behaviour Solutions: teaching 14-16 year olds in colleges of further education. Great Britain. Incentive Plus.

Managing through information (finance exam) Essay

Managing through information (finance exam) - Essay Example However, the major point of concern is the Gearing Ratio, which has dramatically increased from 0% to 36.1446% in a year due to the long-term loan, this increases the risk of investment, and in addition the Dividend Payout Ratio has also decreased from 40% to 21.28%, which is a bad signal for the shareholders. In 2008 no interest had to be paid, but in 2009 interest also needs to be paid from the reserves, thereby reducing reinvestment into the company. Johnsons Ltd. should focus upon clearing the debt as early as possible, and clarify to the investors that it is for the betterment of the company. Furthermore, it should try to reduce the gearing ratio by increasing ordinary shares, either through new issuance or issue of bonus shares. Financial ratios aid in analyzing, controlling and improving the performance of a company, it also helps in attaining loans from banks, it can provide sufficient information to analyze the liquidity and performance of the firm, and points out the areas requiring improvement. However, ratios have certain limitations as well, for larger companies it is difficult to make comparative analysis as it becomes extremely complicated, firms set their targets at average instead of following market leaders, hampering the efficiency of the company. The major drawback of ratio analysis is that it does not account for inflation and therefore can mislead the managers. Apart from inflation, seasonal variations can create distortions in the results as well, furthermore many valuations used in the ratios such as depreciations, inventory, bad debts etc are approximates and can thus affect the end result. The user of these ratios must know how to differentiate between wrong results and should be capable of adjusting to various situations (Besley and Brigham, 2008, 68). It is obvious from the calculations that none of the three proposals is good, since they give fewer profits than the current system, Proposal A

How does Learning and Employee Development contribute to Essay - 1

How does Learning and Employee Development contribute to organisational success and performance within social care services - Essay Example Furthermore, the dissertation has made use of questionnaires and interview techniques to collect data from line managers at a voluntary sector social service provider, namely ‘Loretto Care’. The main findings of the research are: The managers at Loretto Care are of the view that investment in learning, development and on the job training can be directly beneficial and can lead to success at personal (employee level) as well as at the organisational level; and the main barriers to learning and the effectiveness of training as identified by the managers at Loretto Care include workload, time pressures and lack of internal motivation. The respondents have pointed out a need to encourage registration with and alignment of training programmes and employees with the SSSC requirements to ensure standardisation and monitoring the effectiveness of these programmes. The main conclusion is therefore that development and learning programmes for employees can effectively enhance orga nisational performance if there is robust planning to meet the needs and requirements of the organisation and are culturally embedded via appropriately qualified line managers in undertaking their role. Keywords: Training and development, SSSC Registration, Role of line management CONTENTS Abstract Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Introduction Purpose and rationale of the study Scope of the Study Aims of the Research Significance of Study Format of the Dissertation Conclusion of the Chapter Page 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 Literature Review Outline of the Chapter Specific research in the Social Care Sector Conclusion of the Chapter 10 10 11 19 Chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Methodology Introduction to research design Research Design Research Methodology Sample, time and Site for study Research instrument Research Pilot Questionnaire Ethical and Validity issues Scope and Limitations of the Design Conclusion of the chapter 21 22 23 23 25 26 27 28 30 31 Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Results and Findings Findings Theoretical Framework Legislative Context Discussion Conclusion of the chapter 32 32 44 55 62 85 Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 Conclusion Recommendations Final Conclusion 86 92 93 References Appendices Appendix 1 Ethical Approval Appendix 2 SSSC Codes of Practice Appendix 3 Interviewee information and consent Appendix 4 Questionnaire results and data List of Tables, Graphs and Diagrams Figure Description Page 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 Summary of job roles of the Participants Qualification of post holders Qualifications of the staff Summary of responses of the L&D strategy Effectiveness of the learning and development strategy Overall job satisfaction relating to L&D Learning and development activities undertaken by managers Learning and development opportunities for team members Impact of regulation with SSSC Experiential Learning Model – Kolb and Fry Developments on Exper iential Learning – Jarvis Learning at Work and Human Resource Development - Slotte Skills demonstration by employees not qualified as per SSSC Skills demonstration by employees qualified as per SSSC Training needs analysis collation methods Factors in the positive contribution of L&D Promotion of L&D Perceived barriers to providing L&D opportunities Learning and

Tylenol In Capsule Form Essay Example for Free

Tylenol In Capsule Form Essay The capsule is the most popular form of taking medicines as these are easy to swallow. Capsules have a symbolic significance as well as these represent strength. Thus patients perceive a dual advantage of convenience and a psychological boost of taking a potent medicine.   The tamper resistant packing was introduced by Johnson and Johnson in November 1982 within a few months of the initial crisis. This followed standards laid down in regulations by the Food and Drug Administration. The packing was considered very sturdy and difficult to be tampered with. These had glued flaps on the outer box which had to be forcibly opened and a tight plastic seal surrounded the cap inside with an inner foil which wrapped the mouth of the bottle. It also had a label which warned customers not to use if safety seal was broken. Thus at that time perhaps Johnson and Johnson was justified in introducing the capsules in tamper proof packing. This made sound business sense as it implied that only the packing had to be manufactured, while the capsule could be continued in its original form.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However this decision of the company proved to be short sighted as in 1986, a second incident of tampering of the same drug occurred. While this was immediately controlled, it was evident that capsule was not the safest form for a mass consumed drug as Tylenol as the seals could be apparently opened and refixed after the capsule was tampered with. Finally the company discontinued the sale of the drug in capsule form and the caplet form was introduced.[1] Thus it is felt that in the long run the decision of Johnson and Johnson to market the capsules in tamper proof packing as opposed to developing the caplets was not ethically in order. The company could well have waited to develop the caplet and avoided the ignominy of another blow to its brand which could survive only due to its goodwill with the masses. [1] http://www.jnj.com/contact_us/info_for_students/index.htm#question03

Crime decreases; student population increases in Mission Hill over the past decade :: Journalism Journalistic Essays

Crime decreases; student population increases in Mission Hill over the past decade "When I first started here, the area was so bad, that we had patrolling guard dogs. Now, the crime has gone down so much, and the neighborhood has become a better place," said Dave Welch, a 30-year resident of Mission Hill, member of the Mission Hill Crime Committee, and head of security for the New England Baptist Hospital, located on top of the neighborhood known as Mission Hill. Mission Hill is located in Roxbury, a part of Boston, and has been known in the past to have a bad reputation of being a tough area of crime and poverty. Many residents believe that the neighborhood's name was tainted after the murder of Carol Stuart in 1989. Her husband was found as the killer, but the media attention of the homicide brought negative connotations to the neighborhood, according to Mary Todd, a member of the Mission Hill Crime Committee and life long resident of Boston. "The Stuart murder a while back made the city focus on Mission Hill as an area that was overridden with crime, but they came from somewhere else to here. They weren't from here," says Todd. All crime in the neighborhood of Mission Hill has decreased over the past decade according to the analysis of 10 years worth of crime statistic reports from the Boston Police Department. The entire city is divided into 12 districts, and Mission Hill is part District B-2. Also included in District B-2 are parts of Fenway and parts of Roxbury. "Mission Hill is part of District B-2, the statistics are representative of that area, as well as others in the Fenway and parts of Roxbury. You can't use the data as strictly representative of Mission Hill, but it gives you a good reference," said Detective Barbara Bowie. Both property crime, and violent crime, which this article is focused on, has decreased in District B-2, of which Mission Hill is a part of, by 40% over the past decade. The greatest decline was in aggravated assault, a 67% change from 1993 through 2002. "Six or seven years ago, it was kind of bad," said Abi Panicker, a bartender at Pat Flanagan's, located at the foot of Mission Hill. "The biggest fight I have ever seen here was about two years ago. There were 30 people that spilled outside and across the T tracks.

The Current Marketing Environment of the Airline

This report will evaluate the current marketing environment of the airline industry in Europe. This will involve looking into different area of the airline industry such as deregulation and open skies, current economic conditions, distribution channels, pricing and revenue management. It has been proved that the airline industry is probably one of the most competitive and complex industry in the world. According to Mintel report (2009) in the past decade, air travel has grown by 7% per year. Travel for both business and leisure purposes grew strongly worldwide. Scheduled airlines carried 1.5 billion passengers last year. In the leisure market, the availability of large aircraft such as the Boeing 747 made it convenient and affordable for people to travel further to new and exotic destinations. Distribution channels In all areas of marketing links must be made between the customer and the product. These links are known as distribution channels. Airlines use a variety of these channels. All of them are giving rise to particularly intense debate at the present time, because the different channels result in different costs, and because they vary in the extent to which they allow airline to exercise proper and necessary control of the channel. S, Shaw (Airline Marketing & Management, Fifth Edition, Page 194). Global Distribution Systems (GDSs) It’s impossible to talk about distribution channel in the airline industry without mentioning GDSs. For nearly twenty years, the subject of Global Distribution Systems has been a controversial one in the airline industry, and it remains so today. S, Shaw (Airline Marketing & Management, Fifth Edition, Page 204). Until the early 1970s, contact between airlines and their distribution outlets was mainly by telephone, this was both time consuming and costly and became unsustainable as the industry grew. As the 1970s preceded, the first, pioneering carries set out to automate airline/travel agency contact. In order to do so, direct links were provided from each agency location into the airline’s reservations computer. Instead of phoning, agents could use the keyboard of Visual Display Unit to make bookings direct with the airline concerned. Besides saving a great deal of time, this also gave agent visual confirmation that required reservation had been made. Airline today In the old, regulated environment, European airlines relied on external channels (travel agents, consolidators, tour operators) to distribute up to 90 percent of tickets. Distribution via these channels typically cost an airline 17 to 20 percent of the ticket price, accounted for by travel agency commissions (including bonus â€Å"overrides†), computer reservation company booking fees, credit card fees, and the airline’s own costs (such as its salesforce). Since then, CRS technology and economics have changed a lot: thanks to the development of alternative distribution channels, such as the airlines' Internet websites or their call centres, consumers have nowadays access to a multiplicity of information and booking channels for air transport services. About 40% of all airline tickets in the EU are booked via alternative channels and about 60% via travel agents and CRSs. Bookings made via the major global distribution systems (GDS) accounted for 64% of all airline passenger revenue in the U.S. in 2008 for U.S. point-of-sale transactions, but the figure has dropped below 50% in Europe, according to (Mintel report realised 2008) in the size, role and value of GDSs in travel distribution. The decline in Europe has been sharper, falling from 56% in 2006 and 51% in 2007 to 47% in 2008.The decline is attributable, in large part, to the rapid growth of low-cost carriers, such as Ryanair, that rely exclusively or primarily on direct bookings. 69% of the nearly â‚ ¬18 billion in air travel sold by European LCCs in 2008 was booked via their own Web sites. Deregulation and open skies Throughout its history, the airline industry has been constrained by decisions made by politicians and governments. Government have controlled where airlines can fly, and aspects of their product planning and pricing policies.’ They have also had a major involvement in the industry through the ownership of airlines. They have always had a role in regulating airline safety standards, a role that remains important and, principle, relatively non-controversial. For many years, and in almost all aviation markets, government controlled airlines’ route entry and capacity and frequency decisions. In recent years, substantial regulatory reform has taken place, giving carries the challenge and the opportunity of responding to a free economic environment. In describing the system of economic regulation of the airline industry, a fundamental distinction has always been between the regulation of domestic services which are solely under the control of one government, and international services, which require the agreement of at least two. Until relatively recently, almost all domestic travel market were highly regulated. The Agreement replaced and superseded previous open skies agreements between the US and individual European countries. Deregulation is also stimulating competition, such as that from small, low cost carriers. The EU's final stage of deregulation took effect in April 1997, allowing an airline from one member state to fly passengers within another member's domestic market. Beyond Europe too, ‘open skies' agreements are beginning to dismantle some of the regulations governing which carriers can fly on certain routes. Low-Cost Airlines in Europe Budget airlines’ have been one of the main drivers of growth in intra-European travel, over the past decade. However, after a period of rapid expansion, it seems that the sector is now reaching maturity and that the growth is likely to slow down in the coming years. The low-cost business model is geared to short-haul routes, which allow for a quick turnaround of aircraft. As such, LCCs are increasingly in competition with other modes of travel, especially rail, which has undergone a substantial upgrading in recent years. The European Air travel today has many more cheap air travel options than a decade ago. The partial deregulation of air travel in Europe in the 1990s allowed the rise of low-cost airlines, and flying even short distances in Europe is often cheaper than taking the train. The days when national flagship carriers dominated air traffic and were regarded as national symbols are gone, and the fierce competition from low-cost airlines has led to bankruptcies and mergers of several large and reputable airlines. But with so many more airlines operating in Europe, comes the difficult choice for travellers to figure out how to get the best prices and the services they desire. Low-cost airlines have exploded onto the European market in recent years, and routes that were traditionally covered by national airlines now face the stiff competition of low-cost carriers. Current economic conditions The correct down fall of the economy has hit hard in all most every industry, but has hit even harder at the European airline industry. The air transport sector has been hit hard by the ongoing financial and economic crisis. Both demand and supply have been retreating at an almost unprecedented pace since early 2008. According to the IATA, international passenger demand fell by 5.6% in January 2009 compared to the same month in 2008, which was a full percentage point worse than the 4.6% year-on The current economic conditions cause consumers to make cutbacks. France, however, remains on a growth curve after several years of declining popularity. City and short breaks are increasingly popular as holidaymakers head for France for a quick-fix getaway. Even with the current economic conditions people are still using the air transport for quick getaway, †¢ European airlines affected The hardest hit has been the ‘flag carriers' who have suffered hugely due to the slump in premium and business travel, coupled with the sharp rise in fuel prices. British Airways Plc in November posted a larger than expected first-half loss and predicted revenue would slump by one billion pounds by the end of 2009. Germany's Deutsche Lufthansa AG in October provided a gloomy outlook for the airline industry and reported that its third quarter operating profit fell 21 percent. Air France-KLM posted a current operating loss of 543 million Euros for the six months ended in September, compared with a current operating profit of 592 million Euros for the same period a year earlier. Pricing and revenue management Pricing is a crucial activity for the air transport industry as airplane seats a perishable commodity. Before deregulation of the major air travel market, pricing were a relatively a simple matter, as carries generally enjoyed a monopoly, duopoly or at least a cartel situation with other carries on most routes. (Mintel June 2009) Since deregulation, the focus has switched towards filling the aircraft, which has led to greatly increased price discrimination (charging different customer segments different prices). The results has been rising load factors but decreasing real yield, as prices charged to marginal customers can be brought down to very low level (e.g. Ryanair) since the marginal cost of carrying one more passenger approaches zero.( Mintel 2009) Soaring fuel costs and impending EU Emissions measures spell danger for the industry. Load factors are also slipping, as a ‘golden period’ of fleet expansion threatens to cause a state of ‘over-capacity’. To maintain the cheap ticket model, carriers are going to have to drastically raise their ancillary revenues (in-flight sales, charges and add-ons) and increasingly expand into accommodation and transfer services, in order to cope with the economic and legislative storms they are flying towards.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcomes Organizational theories Organizational behavior is a current growing field. The field is highly influential in business world. Organizational is becoming more important in the global economy as people with diverse backgrounds and cultural values have to work together effectively and efficiently. Organizational theory is a fundamental system in an organizational framework, whereby its complex dynamic goals oriented processes where it considers a general wider for aiming to model and design human organizations. In an organization motivation is the first key word that managers emphasis to their employee, there are many motivation theory in an organization, such as attribution theory, equity theory, incentive theory and emotional labor in organizations. The historical of organizational theory in an organizational, management has to have a perspective approach of its client so that its development in the field of targeting its goals can be reached. Managers in an organization as the task to make sure the entity of the organization is being recognized in terms of the products, social structure, technology, culture and physical structures and to make sure the product has power to attract and maintain the stability of the organization in terms of competition of other and in modern day to day life. Organizational theories also gives a better basic skills, to improve the attitude of the employees so that they can work and increase their willingness in learning new things on the job they do. Employees find that they perform better because their improve morale and self-esteem make them more willing and able to respond to challenges confronting them on the job. They also see the value of investing time and energy in continuous working as a matter of understanding and appreciation of their role within the organization, this is because of the theories of organization that enhance the commitment and willing of employees self faith in their work. In terms of management relation between its employees, not only have change among co-workers, it also have an increase sense of team spirit camaraderie. If the management increases its willingness so that they will come to a win solution, the management has to respect the employee’s needs, which have lead to the increasing sense of understanding and appreciation among the employees and the management. Organizational behavior has three major disciplines that has to be describe and taken serious, because it contribute a lot to the succession of any running organization, this disciplines are sociology, psychology and anthropology. This disciplines are important in organization because they future the cultural behavior of an organization, the cultural of an organization includes custom, rules, practices, beliefs, values, assumptions, norms, arts and skills, these gives an existence of and organization, how the organization works and how the work should be done. These cultures also relate the performance of all employees and give relation to others in the organization and to those outside. Organization does not work without power; it works with power of leaders so that the organization should have direction of working and fulfill the goals that are support to be implemented and to target the succession of the organizational goals. The organization communication exists despite the fact that the value of junior employees are given less opportunity to express their views and grievance, so that the power of the senior employees may not affect the growth of an organization. Challenges facing the organization communication As diversity in an organization grows, so does complexity of communication and the necessity to spend greater effort developing improved communication skills. Making the most diversity in employee’s coalition requires the commitment of all involved such as managers, leaders and chairman to interact with all management board so as to face the challenges of communication. This has to established and implement by the management so that managers has to learn to listen and invite others to be apart of the discussion. The management has categorically to give way of understanding so that their will be no misjudge of various people because of the ability of performance of work. The manger has to learn to communicate clearly and fairly. This all has to be adopted in an organization so that to give communication style to fit the situation. Both the managers and employees are the makers of the successful organization to be the best one to work in the world. The efforts of the employees should be encourage and be praise by the managers, that to give smooth ground of communication. Issues that employees abuse in an organization Many leaders in organization fail to realize that their attitude and behaviors are having a negative influence on the organization and the employees, which makes employee not to have healthy and good environment of working place, this makes the employee abuse the organization in terms of leadership values and ethics. Leaders bullying employees in workplace, this literally kills the employee’s motives and hard work he/she sacrifices in the organization. The working condition of organization such as mobbing, sweeping and collecting garbage it leads to employees abuse and also the payment condition, overtime, and leave this all encourages the employees not to perform well, thus diversity of communication emerges and later poor performance of an organization. Values and ethics in leadership communication The secret of leaders values and their ethic behavior should be visible in leaders daily in today’s world because the action you have to do makes you be the leader. Leader should have such values like ambition, dedication, respect, accuracy, improvement, enjoyment/fun and loyalty, this values help a leader to have good communication skills and flow of harmony to its employees. As a leader, ethics and value should define the character, this help a leader to lead and influence to others and make other people feel important and appreciatable. (Miller, 2005). Reference Miller, K. (2005). Organizational communication: Approaches and Processes. Thomson Wadswarth. Â  

Ceasar politics essays

Ceasar politics essays Gaius Julius Caesar was a powerful military leader who changed the course of the Greco-Roman civilization decisively and irreversibly. Julius belonged to Romes original Aristocracy, the patricians, or landholding upper class, and his lineage can be traced back to the goddess Venus. While growing up Caesar dreamed of being like Alexander the Great who had already conquered what at Caesars time was known as the world. Also, Caesar admired and studied the two most successful Romans of his day, Pompey and Crassus. With this envy and his military genius Caesar was determined to leave his mark in the world. Caesar won power with his incredible military tactics and had great influence over his troops and many people. However, the power and stature Caesar yearned for eventually led to his assignation in the end. Julius Caesar is best remembered for his military leadership, reforms, and infamous death. First, Caesar was famous for his amazing military leadership. Caesar was evidently fascinated and obsessed by military and imperial problems. Once in power Caesar set out to conquer Gaul, starting with the Helevetii, a tribe in what is now Switzerland. He called a meeting with the Helevetii chief and demanded his tribe leave Gaul; however, they refused. The Romans were skillful fighters and easily defeated the Helevetti. Next, Caesar and his troops moved on to conquer the Germans. The Roman troops were frightened by stories about how fiercely the Germans fought, but Caesar raised their moral with a brilliant speech. The Romans attacked strategically and the German leader, Ariovistus, barely escaped alive. By now, Caesar had taken most of Gaul under control; however, Vercingetorix, a chief of a Gallic tribe, believed he could defeat the Roman army. For the first time Caesar faced a brave and skillful general. But the Romans were relentless, and after a month of fighting, Vercin getorix surrendered. Finally, Gaul was compl...

Waitress Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Waitress Job - Essay Example Waitress is one of the oldest jobs in the catering industry. Though it has little history that can be attached to the development of the job, it has definitely undergone dramatic changes in the past to emerge as it is today. In this regard a waitress is basically involved in serving other people. As a waiter you understand that your duty is to ensure that you serve the needs of the customers. There are many tasks that a waiter is involved in while serving customers. It is the duty of a waiter to ensure that customer gets all what thy want while in the hall. This will vary from serving them with foods and drinks and other items that they require.I work for Jericho Terrace on Jericho turnpike in New York. This company operates in the catering industry where it offers services like weddings and other functional catering. The company has been in the business for number of years and has been able to cut a niche in the market. it has become a leading catering complain in New York offering service to a wide range of customers especially for wedding and other functions like end of year company parties and others. It is a part of the large hospitality industry which has been one of the rapidly growing sectors in the world fuelled by the increasing changes that have been taking place in the social life and increased demand of superior services in the market that meets the needs of the consumers.Waitress has been one of the pillars of the growth of the business since they directly determine the level of customer satisfaction. The survival of any business in the industry depends on the way in which it can meet the demands of the consumers in the sense that it have to serve the needs on the consumers and in a way that they need to be served. Therefore waitress who is in direct contact with consumers makes a lot of contribution in the way the customers will rate the services of the company and therefore how they will choose or recommend the company to another client in the f uture. Though not considered important as such, waitress is the most valuable assets that any catering business holds and which helps the business to move forward in the correct direction. History of the of the industry The modern catering industry has along history of development having evolved from the food industry in the early days. Catering industry has been developed in the last century but its history can be traced to many years ago and since the evolution of business. It is one of the most complex industries of all times. Food industry has been one of the growing industries in the world and has made a lot of contribution to the development of wealth in the USA. Since the development of agrarian practices in the world, there have been increased culinary practices although most of it was practiced in homes. But in the since the turn of the century, there was the development of commercial catering in which food was produced purposely for sale. Catering industry has been there but some of the development in the modern catering has only taken place in the recent past. While we may associate chefs and the culinary world with hotels, we should understand that restaurants and other catering have developed in the recent past. For the better part of our history, food preparation was centered in homes and on feasts and celebrations especially for kings or for other occasion. In America particularly, catering industry is still young and started its development only after the Second World War. It was only after the war that companies which had previously supplied foods in the world war began thinking of an innovative way to continue with their services. As the economy started to boom immediately after the war, there was increased demand of catering service in America and it is from there that these companies found a niche in the market. This was like a revolution as services which have been previously preserved for the rich and the wealthier suddenly became open to all people and there was a rapid rise

The Success of the Management of Fork and Dagger Pub Essay - 33

The Success of the Management of Fork and Dagger Pub - Essay Example The fact that the business has existed for numerous years makes the renovations as proposed by Jason inevitable. Similarly, narrowing the business’ target market as proposed by Bradley would enhance its operations thus improving the profitability of the company. Mr. Lynch must, therefore, consider the possibility of consolidating the two approaches with the view of enhancing the longevity of the business and quelling the differences between his sons. Renovating the pub will place it in the modern society. The renovation will seek to satisfy the demands of the modern day customer. In renovating and expanding the pub, the management must consider the demands of the modern day customer thus safeguarding such features as convenient and comfortable. As stated earlier, renovating the pub is inevitable. This implies that Mr. Lynch and his two sons must determine the most appropriate ways of renovating the pub thus positioning the business strategy in the modern society. While doing this, the management must narrow the pub’s target market a feature that will enhance the management. In doing this, Mr. Lynch must consider the importance of diversity in enhancing the profitability and longevity of business in the contemporary market. In expanding and renovating the pub, Mr. Lynch can, therefore, develop a section of the pub and permit Bradley to customize it strategically for its LGBT target market. Jason should then manage the other section that targets the general consumer. This way, the business diversifies its services while safeguarding the peace and unity of the two siblings. Such is an appropriate approach that will serve as an effective marketing research and analysis tool that will provide the two sons with the most appropriate trends in the market thus enabling the two to change the structure of their business based on the response of the market.